Aissaoui N (2022) The digital divide: a literature review and some directions for future research in light of COVID-19. Glob Knowl Mem Commun 71(8/9):686–708

Albikawi ZF (2023) Anxiety, depression, self-esteem, internet addiction and predictors of cyberbullying and cybervictimization among female nursing university students: a cross sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 20(5):4293

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alsawalqa RO (2021) Cyberbullying, social stigma, and self-esteem: The impact of COVID-19 on students from East and Southeast Asia at the University of Jordan. Heliyon 7(4). https://www.cell.com/heliyon/pdf/S2405-8440(21)00814-8.pdf

Althubaiti A (2016). Information bias in health research: Definition, pitfalls, and adjustment methods. J Multidisciplin Healthcare 211. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S104807

António R, Guerra R, Moleiro C (2024) Cyberbullying during COVID-19 lockdowns: prevalence, predictors, and outcomes for youth. Curr Psychol 43(2):1067–1083. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04394-7

Article  Google Scholar 

Bacher-Hicks A, Goodman J, Green JG, Holt MK (2022) The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted both school bullying and cyberbullying. Am Econ Rev: Insights 4(3):353–370. https://doi.org/10.1257/aeri.20210456

Article  Google Scholar 

Betts LR, Spenser KA (2017) Developing the cyber victimization experiences and cyberbullying behaviors scales. J Genet Psychol 178(3):147–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2017.1295222

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bevilacqua KG, Williams A, Wood SN, Wamue-Ngare G, Thiongo M, Gichangi P, Decker MR (2022) Sexual harassment before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in Nairobi, Kenya: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 12(10):e066777

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bracewell K, Hargreaves P, Stanley N (2022) The consequences of the COVID-19 lockdown on stalking victimisation. J Family Viol 37(6):951–957. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00201-0

Article  Google Scholar 

Burnay J, Bushman BJ, Larøi F (2019) Effects of sexualized video games on online sexual harassment. Aggressive Behav 45(2):214–223. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21811

Article  Google Scholar 

Campbell L, Tan RKJ, Uhlich M, Francis JM, Mark K, Miall N, Eleuteri S, Gabster A, Shamu S, Plášilová L, Kemigisha E, Olumide A, Kosana P, Hurtado-Murillo F, Larsson EC, Cleeve A, Calvo González S, Perrotta G, Fernández Albamonte V,…, the I-SHARE research consortium (2023) Intimate partner violence during COVID-19 restrictions: a study of 30 countries from the I-SHARE Consortium. J Interper Viol 38(11–12) 7115–7142.https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605221141865

Casanovas LV-L, Serra L, Canals CS, Sanz-Barbero B, Vives-Cases C, López MJ, Otero-García L, Pérez G, Renart-Vicens G (2022) Prevalence of sexual harassment among young Spaniards before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdown period in Spain. BMC Public Health 22(1):1888. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14264-9

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—CDC (2019) https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/sexualviolence/fastfact.html

Chiodo D, Wolfe DA, Crooks C, Hughes R, Jaffe P (2009) Impact of sexual harassment victimization by peers on subsequent adolescent victimization and adjustment: a longitudinal study. J Adolesc Health 45(3):246–252

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Copp JE, Mumford EA, Taylor BG (2021) Online sexual harassment and cyberbullying in a nationally representative sample of teens: prevalence, predictors, and consequences. J Adolesc 93:202–211

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention Committee (2018) Working Group on cyberbullying and other forms of online violence, especially against women and children: Mapping study on cyberviolence with recommendations adopted by the T-CY. Strasbourg: France. https://www.coe.int/en/web/cybercrime/tcy

Cullen R (2003) The digital divide: a global and national call to action. Electron Libr 21(3):247–257. https://doi.org/10.1108/02640470310480506

Article  Google Scholar 

Dey A (2023) It’s a joke, not a dick. So don’t take it too hard”: Online sexual harassment in Indian universities. Feminist Media Studies 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2023.2266150

Douglass CH, Wright CJ, Davis AC, Lim MS (2018) Correlates of in-person and technology-facilitated sexual harassment from an online survey among young Australians. Sexual Health 15(4):361–365

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duncan N, Zimmer-Gembeck MJ, Furman W (2019) Sexual harassment and appearance-based peer victimization: Unique associations with emotional adjustment by gender and age. J Adolesc 75:12–21

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Erausquin JT, Tan RK, Uhlich M, Francis JM, Kumar N, Campbell L, Zhang W-H, Hlatshwako TG, Kosana P & Shah S (2022). The International Sexual Health And Reproductive Health during COVID-19 (I-SHARE) study: A multicountry analysis of adults from 30 countries prior to and during the initial coronavirus disease 2019 wave. Clin Infect Dis: Off Public Infect Dis Soc Am. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciac102

Gámez-Guadix M, Almendros C, Borrajo E, Calvete E (2015) Prevalence and association of sexting and online sexual victimization among Spanish adults. Sexual Res Social Policy 12:145–154

Article  Google Scholar 

Gewirtz-Meydan A, Volman-Pampanel D, Opuda E, Tarshish N (2024) Dating apps: a new emerging platform for sexual harassment? A scoping review. Trauma Violence Abuse 25(1):752–763. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380231162969

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gilchrist G, Potts LC, Connolly DJ, Winstock A, Barratt MJ, Ferris J, Gilchrist E, Davies E (2023) Experience and perpetration of intimate partner violence and abuse by gender of respondent and their current partner before and during COVID-19 restrictions in 2020: a cross-sectional study in 13 countries. BMC Public Health 23(1):316. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14635-2

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Haug E, Mæland S, Lehmann S, Bjørknes R, Fadnes LT, Sandal GM, Skogen JC (2022) Increased gaming during COVID-19 predicts physical inactivity among youth in Norway—A two-wave longitudinal cohort study. Front Public Health 10:812932

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hensel DJ, Mark KP, Abdelhamed A, Burns S, Esho T, Hendricks J, Jobim Fischer V, Ivanova O, Marks M, Michelsen K, Nimby F, Strizzi J, Tucker J, Uhlich M, Erausquin J (2023) Changes in solo and partnered sexual behaviors following the first COVID-19 wave: data from an international study of 26 countries. Int J Sex Health 35(3):459–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2023.2224777

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hlatshwako TG, Shah SJ, Kosana P, Adebayo E, Hendriks J, Larsson EC, Hensel DJ, Erausquin JT, Marks M, Michielsen K (2021) Online health survey research during COVID-19. Lancet Digital Health 3(2):e76–e77

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huiskes P, Dinis MAP, Caridade S (2022) Technology-facilitated sexual violence victimization during the COVID-19 pandemic: behaviors and attitudes. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma 31(9):1148–1167. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2022.2089863

Article  Google Scholar 

Human development report (2021) https://hdr.undp.org/en/content/gender-inequality-index-gii

Iida M, Sasaki N, Imamura K, Kuroda R, Tsuno K, Kawakami N (2022) COVID-19-related workplace bullying and customer harassment among healthcare workers over the time of the COVID-19 outbreak: a eight-month panel study of full-time employees in Japan. J Occup Environ Med 64(5):e300–e305

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jenaro C, Flores N, Frías CP (2018) Systematic review of empirical studies on cyberbullying in adults: what we know and what we should investigate. Aggress Violent Beh 38:113–122

Article  Google Scholar 

Kee DMH, Al-Anesi MAL, Al-Anesi SAL (2022) Cyberbullying on social media under the influence of COVID-19. Glob Bus Organ Excell 41(6):11–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/joe.22175

Article  Google Scholar 

Klein LB, Martin SL (2021) Sexual harassment of college and university students: a systematic review. Trauma Violence Abuse 22(4):777–792. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019881731

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kpokiri EE, Wu D, Srinivas ML, Anderson J, Say L, Kontula O, Ahmad NA, Morroni C, Izugbara C, de Visser R (2022) Development of an international sexual and reproductive health survey instrument: Results from a pilot WHO/HRP consultative Delphi process. Sex Trans Infect 98(1):38–43

Article  Google Scholar 

Livingston JA, Wang W, Testa M, Derrick JL, Nickerson AB, Miller KE, Haas JL, Espelage DL (2022) Peer sexual harassment, affect, and substance use: daily level associations among adolescents. J Adolesc 94(7):955–968. https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12076

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McCall TC, Alford AA, Cunningham MC, Hall K, Royster J (2023) The role of harassment in the mental well-being of local public health professionals and its relationship with an intent to leave their organization during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Public Health Manag Pract 29(Supplement 1):S45–S47

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Michielsen K, Larrson EC, Kågesten A, Erausquin JT, Griffin S, Van de Velde S, Tucker JD (2021) International sexual health and reproductive health (I-SHARE) survey during COVID-19: study protocol for online national surveys and global comparative analyses. Sex Trans Infect 97(2):88–92

Article  Google Scholar 

Mitchell KJ, Ybarra ML, Korchmaros JD (2014) Sexual harassment among adolescents of different sexual orientations and gender identities. Child Abuse Negl 38(2):280–295

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

World Bank (2021) New World Bank country classifications by income level: 2021–2022. World Bank Blogs. https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/opendata/new-world-bank-country-classifications-income-level-2021-2022#:~:text=The%20World%20Bank%20assigns%20the,i.e.%202020%20in%20this%20case

Ojanen TT, Boonmongkon P, Samakkeekarom R, Samoh N, Cholratana M, Guadamuz TE (2015) Connections between online harassment and offline violence among youth in Central Thailand. Child Abuse Negl 44:159–169