AChina-Australia Joint Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi’an710061, Shaanxi, China.

BDepartment of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 157 Xiwu Av, Xi’an710004, Shaanxi, China.

CArtificial Intelligence and Modelling in Epidemiology Program, Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.

DSchool of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.