Appenroth KJ (2002) Co-action of temperature and phosphate in inducing turion formation in Spirodela polyrhiza (Great duckweed). Plant Cell Environ 25:1079–1085

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Appenroth KJ, Adamec L (2015) Specific turion yields of different clones of Spirodela polyrhiza depend on external phosphate thresholds. Plant Biol (stuttg) 17:125–129

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Appenroth KJ, Nickel G (2010) Turion formation in Spirodela polyrhiza: the environmental signals that induce the developmental process in nature. Physiol Plant 138:312–320

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Appenroth KJ, Teller S, Horn M (1996) Photophysiology of turion formation and germination in Spirodela polyrhiza. Biol Plant 38:95–106

Artetxe U, García-Plazaola JI, Hernández A, Becerril JM (2002) Low light grown duckweed plants are more protected against the toxicity induced by Zn and Cd. Plant Physiol Biochem 40:859–863

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Basiglini E, Pintore M, Forni C (2018) Effects of treated industrial wastewaters and temperatures on growth and enzymatic activities of duckweed (Lemna minor L.). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 153:54–59

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bog M, Sree KS, Fuchs J, Hoang PTN, Schubert I, Kuever J, Rabenstein A, Paolacci S, Jansen MAK, Appenroth KJ (2020) A taxonomic revision of Lemna sect. Uninerves (Lemnaceae). Taxon 69:56–66

Article  Google Scholar 

Borisjuk N, Chu P, Gutierrez R, Zhang H, Acosta K, Friesen N, Sree KS, Garcia C, Appenroth KJ, Lam E (2015) Assessment, validation and deployment strategy of a two-barcode protocol for facile genotyping of duckweed species. Plant Biol 17(1):42–49

Cheng JJ, Stomp AM (2009) Growing duckweed to recover nutrients from wastewaters and for production of fuel ethanol and animal feed. Clean-Soil Air Water 37:17–26

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cui W, Cheng JJ (2015) Growing duckweed for biofuel production: a review. Plant Biol 17:16–23

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duman F, Ozturk F, Aydin Z (2010) Biological responses of duckweed (Lemna minor L.) exposed to the inorganic arsenic species As(III) and As(V): effects of concentration and duration of exposure. Ecotoxicology 19:983–993

Femeena PV, Roman B, Brennan RA (2023) Maximizing duckweed biomass production for food security at low light intensities: experimental results and an enhanced predictive model. Environ Chall 11:100709

Hou H, Zhao X, Li X, Sun Z, Li G, Guo W, Chen Y, Xia M, Chen Y, Wang X, Li Y, Luo K, Yang J (2022) Physiological and transcriptomic analysis reveal the response mechanisms to nutrient deficiencies in aquatic plant Spirodela polyrhiza. Authorea

Huang M, Fang Y, Xiao Y, Sun J, Jin Y, Tao X, Ma X, He K, Zhao H (2014) Proteomic analysis to investigate the high starch accumulation of duckweed (Landoltia punctata) under nutrient starvation. Ind Crops Prod 59:299–308

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Iqbal J, Javed A, Javed H (2021) Effect of initial plant density on growth and nutrients removal efficiency of duckweed (Lemna minor) from leachate. Asian J Environ Ecol 15:45–51

Article  Google Scholar 

Kufel L, Strzałek M, Przetakiewicz A (2018) Plant response to overcrowding – Lemna minor example. Acta Oecologica 91:73–80

Landolt E (1986) The family of Lemnaceae – a monographic study (Vol 1). Veröffentlichungen des Geobotanischen Institutes der Eidg. Techn. Hochschule, Zürich.

Lasfar S, Monette F, Millette L, Azzouz A (2007) Intrinsic growth rate: a new approach to evaluate the effects of temperature, photoperiod and phosphorus-nitrogen concentrations on duckweed growth under controlled eutrophication. Water Res 41:2333–2340

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Les DH, Crawford DJ, Landolt E, Gabel JD, Kimball RT (2002) Phylogeny and systematics of Lemnaceae, the duckweed family. Syst Bot 27:221–240

Google Scholar 

Li JM, Du AP, Liu PH, Tian XP, Jin YL, Yi ZL, He KZ, Fang Y, Zhao H (2021) High starch accumulation mechanism and phosphorus utilization efficiency of duckweed (Landoltia punctata) under phosphate starvation. Ind Crops Prod 167:113529

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Peterson A, Kishchenko O, Kuhlmann M, Tschiersch H, Fuchs J, Tikhenko N, Schubert I, Nagel M (2023) Cryopreservation of Duckweed Genetic Diversity as Model for Long-Term Preservation of Aquatic Flowering Plants. Plants 12:3302

Said DS, Chrismadha T, Mayasari N, Febrianti D, Suri ARM (2022) Nutrition value and growth ability of aquatic weed Wolffia globosa as alternative feed sources for aquaculture system. IOP Confer Ser Earth Environ Sci 950:012044

Article  Google Scholar 

Skillicorn P, Spira W, Journey W (1993) Duckweed aquaculture: a new aquatic farming system for developing countries. World Bank

Sree KS, Appenroth KJ (2022) Starch accumulation in duckweeds (Lemnaceae) induced by nutrient deficiency. Emir J Food Agric 34:204–12

Google Scholar 

Stomp AM (2005) The duckweeds: a valuable plant for biomanufacturing. Biotechnol Annu Rev 11:69–99

Tatar ŞY, Öbek E (2014) Potential of Lemna gibba L. and Lemna minor L. for accumulation of Boron from secondary effluents. Ecol Eng 70:332–336

Article  Google Scholar 

Tao X, Fang Y, Xiao Y, Jin YL, Ma XR, Zhao Y, He KZ, Zhao H, Wang HY (2013) Comparative transcriptome analysis to investigate the high starch accumulation of duckweed (Landoltia punctata) under nutrient starvation. Biotechnol Biofuels 6:72

Walsh É, Coughlan N, S, O’brien, M, Jansen, H, Kuehnhold (2021) Density dependence influences the efficacy of wastewater remediation by Lemna minor. Plants 10:1366

Wang W, Wu Y, Yan, Y, Ermakova M, Kerstetter R, Messing J (2010) DNA barcoding of the Lemnaceae, a family of aquatic monocots. BMC Plant Biol 10:205

Wedge RM, Burris JE (1982) Effects of light and temperature on duckweed photosynthesis. Aquat Bot 13:133–140

Article  Google Scholar 

Yin Y, Yu C, Yu L, Zhao J, Sun C, Ma Y, Zhou G (2015) The influence of light intensity and photoperiod on duckweed biomass and starch accumulation for bioethanol production. Bioresour Technol 187:84–90

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang LM, Jin Y, Yao SM, Lei NF, Chen JS, Zhang Q, Yu FH (2020) Growth and morphological responses of duckweed to clonal fragmentation, nutrient availability, and population density. Front Plant Sci 11:618