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Background: Telehealth abortion has taken on a vital role in maintaining abortion access since the Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization Supreme Court decision. However, little remains known about the landscape of new telehealth-only virtual clinic abortion providers that have expanded since telehealth abortion first became widely available in the United States in 2021.
Objective: This study aimed to (1) document the landscape of telehealth-only virtual clinic abortion care in the United States, (2) describe changes in the presence of virtual clinic abortion services between September 2022, following the Dobbs decision, and June 2023, and (3) identify structural factors that may perpetuate inequities in access to virtual clinic abortion care.
Methods: We conducted a repeated cross-sectional study by reviewing web search results and abortion directories to identify virtual abortion clinics in September 2022 and June 2023 and described changes in the presence of virtual clinics between these 2 periods. In June 2023, we also described each virtual clinic’s policies, including states served, costs, patient age limits, insurance acceptance, financial assistance available, and gestational limits.
Results: We documented 11 virtual clinics providing telehealth abortion care in 26 states and Washington DC in September 2022. By June 2023, 20 virtual clinics were providing services in 27 states and Washington DC. Most (n=16) offered care to minors, 8 provided care until 10 weeks of pregnancy, and median costs were US $259. In addition, 2 accepted private insurance and 1 accepted Medicaid, within a limited number of states. Most (n=16) had some form of financial assistance available.
Conclusions: Virtual clinic abortion providers have proliferated since the Dobbs decision. We documented inequities in the availability of telehealth abortion care from virtual clinics, including age restrictions that exclude minors, gestational limits for care, and limited insurance and Medicaid acceptance. Notably, virtual clinic abortion care was not permitted in 11 states where in-person abortion is available.
Following the 2022 Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization US Supreme Court decision, demand for abortion surged in states where abortion care remains legally accessible []. Telehealth abortion has emerged as an important model of abortion provision in the US in recent years. In 2021, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) lifted a restriction that required mifepristone, the first drug in the medication abortion regimen, to be dispensed only inside medical facilities, thus allowing direct-to-patient telehealth abortion care to expand. As of December 2023, telehealth constituted 19% of abortions in the US health care system [].
Telehealth reduces geographic barriers to abortion and decreases wait times to care [-]. However, nearly all Southern and Midwest states ban abortion entirely or permit abortion but prohibit telehealth for abortion, limiting telehealth’s potential to help maintain abortion access. Such restrictions on telehealth include in-person counseling, ultrasound, or other testing requirements and prohibitions of telehealth for abortion [].
Direct-to-patient telehealth abortion is safe and effective [-]. Patients typically complete synchronous (over videoconferencing or a phone call) or asynchronous (using secure messaging) screening with a clinician to assess for medical eligibility. Once deemed eligible, patients are mailed medications, typically from a mail-order pharmacy. They then take the medications, pass the pregnancy, and complete follow-up interactions with their provider, from home or another place they choose [].
Virtual abortion clinics—telehealth abortion providers without brick-and-mortar facilities in the state where they are providing abortion care—have also proliferated. However, because virtual abortion clinics are so new, little is known about their availability, reach, and policies. We aimed to document the landscape of virtual clinic abortion care in the US, to describe changes in the availability of virtual abortion clinics over time between September 2022, just after the Dobbs decision, and June 2023, and to identify structural factors that may perpetuate inequities in access to virtual clinic abortion care.
This repeated cross-sectional landscape review involved web searches (search terms listed in ) and 3 abortion directory websites (Abortionfinder, Ineedana, and Plan C) that document abortion service availability. We synthesized all available information from the 3 abortion directories and clinic websites.
Virtual clinics were eligible if they provided telehealth abortion care within the US health care system during the search period. We included virtual clinics that provided telehealth abortion services in states where they did not have a brick-and-mortar location.
LRK and JK conducted the first and second searches in September 2022 and June 2023, respectively. They conducted independent searches to identify eligible virtual clinics and document their policies. Discrepancies were then resolved iteratively through a third collaborative search.
Our primary measures of interest were the number of unique virtual clinics operational at the time of each search and the number of states served. These were assessed in both September 2022 and June 2023. Our secondary measures of interest were the service policies of each virtual clinic, including ages served, costs, insurance and Medicaid acceptance, gestational limits, languages offered, whether the service offered synchronous care (involving video or phone interactions) and/or asynchronous care (entirely over secure messaging), and whether the virtual clinic provided medication abortion through advanced provision. These were assessed only in June 2023. We described each outcome using descriptive statistics including frequencies, percentages, medians, and modes. We adhered to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) reporting guidelines.
Textbox 1. Search terms.“telehealth”
“telemedicine”
“online”
“abortion pills”
“medication abortion”
“mifepristone”
“misoprostol”
In September 2022, 11 virtual clinics provided telehealth abortion care in 26 states and Washington DC (Table S1 in ). By June 2023, 20 virtual clinics provided telehealth abortion care in 27 states and Washington DC (). In June 2023, 23 states had no virtual clinic providers, among which 14 had banned abortion entirely and 9 allowed abortion but had restrictions on telehealth for abortion.
In June 2023, gestational limits ranged from 10 weeks, 0 days to 13 weeks, 0 days, although the modal gestational limit was 10 weeks, 0 days (n=8; ). Among the 20 virtual clinics, 4 did not serve patients younger than 18 years. Overall, 8 virtual clinics provided only synchronous care, 6 provided asynchronous care, and 6 offered patients a choice between the two. In addition, 6 offered medication abortion by advanced provision.
Costs for virtual clinic telehealth abortion care ranged from US $90 to US $600, and median costs were US $259. Few (n=2) accepted private insurance and 2 accepted Medicaid in certain states. Most virtual clinics (n=15) offered some form of financial assistance to patients. About half offered services in languages other than English (n=11). However, while some of the virtual clinic providers were multilingual, many platforms were only available in English, and some charged additional costs for translations.
Figure 1. Map of virtual clinic telehealth abortion care availability in the United States, September 2022 (A) and June 2023 (B). The figure was created with mapchart.net. Table 1. Availability and policies of virtual abortion clinics in the United States, June 2023.Clinic nameGestational limitTelehealth care modelAge aTelehealth abortion care available with in-person pickup in a neighboring state for certain states.
Virtual clinics increased dramatically in the United States between 2022 and 2023, the year after the Dobbs decision; they doubled in number and increased service provision to reach 27 states and Washington, DC. Our results show that telehealth abortion is an important and rapidly expanding model of abortion care.
We documented several structural barriers in the landscape of virtual clinic abortion that could be addressed through changes in virtual clinic policies. Most virtual clinics we examined offered medication abortion care up to 10 weeks of pregnancy, although medication abortion is commonly provided off-label in the United States until 11 weeks and is recommended for use by the World Health Organization up to 12 weeks [,]. As abortion bans created additional logistical hurdles that delay abortion care, virtual clinics should expand gestational limits to serve patients throughout the first trimester. Future research should assess the safety of telehealth abortion provided at gestations beyond 11 weeks.
Some virtual clinics had minimum age requirements that are not legally mandated in the states they serve. These restrictions limit abortion access for adolescents, who face even greater barriers to abortion and stand to benefit from the privacy and ability to avoid travel that telehealth offers []. In addition, few virtual clinics accepted private insurance or Medicaid, highlighting an important accessibility gap. Most virtual clinics we identified offered only asynchronous or synchronous care. Research has demonstrated that both are safe and effective and that each offers unique benefits to patients [,,]. It is also critical that virtual abortion clinics offer multilingual services to reach immigrant and undocumented populations—groups for whom travel for abortion care may be especially difficult. Future qualitative research can highlight changes needed to enable virtual clinics to remove these barriers to care.
We also identified state policy changes that could help reduce inequities in telehealth abortion care. First, states can take action to improve equitable access to telehealth medical care more broadly through actions such as increasing coverage for asynchronous telehealth care and promoting equitable access to reliable internet connection. Second, they can promote access to telehealth abortion by improving Medicaid and insurance reimbursement []. Third, in-person counseling, ultrasound, and other requirements are not based on medical evidence, and states should remove them to allow telehealth abortion in all states where abortion is legal.
This analysis had several limitations. First, we did not document virtual clinic policies during the first search in September 2022, and therefore we could not examine changes in these policies over time. Second, we may have missed virtual abortion clinics not documented on the websites we examined or in our searches. Third, in some cases, the policies listed on virtual clinic websites or abortion directories may differ from actual practice. For example, advance provision may be available from providers who did not publicize those services. Fourth, this review does not encompass telehealth services provided by brick-and-mortar clinics. However, these results provide a novel picture of the landscape of telehealth abortion care from virtual clinics in the United States in the year following the Dobbs decision. By conducting a landscape review of the information available from web searches and abortion directories, we provide a sense of the information available to prospective abortion patients across the United States.
Virtual clinics are emerging as key providers in the US abortion landscape in the face of dire restrictions on abortion access. In 2022 and 2023, several states that protect abortion passed “shield laws,” which create legal protections for clinicians providing telehealth abortion to patients in states with bans []. These laws are further expanding the role of telehealth by allowing patients residing in states where abortion is banned to access telehealth abortion care within the US health care system. Since our review in June 2023, several virtual clinics have begun to offer telehealth abortion care to residents of states with abortion bans under these shield laws [,]. However, as long as patients experience legal risks using such services, access will never be equitable. To ensure health equity, all people should have access to abortion care offered by virtual clinics regardless of the state they live in.
ConclusionVirtual abortion clinics have grown in prominence in the US since 2022. As of 2023, many virtual clinics retained policies that may limit equitable access to abortion care, such as minimum age requirements and gestational limits not required by law and lack of insurance acceptance. Given the increasingly restricted US abortion landscape, it is critical to address barriers to telehealth abortion care to ensure as many people as possible can access abortion care.
We appreciate the “I Need an A,” “Abortion Finder,” and “Plan C” teams for collecting and collating vital data on abortion care availability. This research was supported by the BaSe Family Fund, Erik E. and Edith H. Bergstrom Foundation, Isabel Allende Foundation, Jess Jacobs, Kahle/Austin Foundation, Lisa and Douglas Goldman Fund, and Preston-Werner Ventures. LRK was funded in part by training grants from the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities of the National Institutes of Health (award T32MD015070) and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (award 1F31HD111277) during the study period. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection, and analysis, the writing of the report, or the decision to submit the paper for publication.
None declared.
Edited by T de Azevedo Cardoso; submitted 13.07.23; peer-reviewed by A Swartzendruber, J Seymour, D Constant, L Dodge; comments to author 22.11.23; revised version received 04.01.24; accepted 06.06.24; published 05.08.24.
©Leah R Koenig, Jennifer Ko, Ushma D Upadhyay. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 05.08.2024.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (ISSN 1438-8871), is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://www.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.
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