Victora CG, Bahl R, Barros AJ, França GV, Horton S, Krasevec J, et al. Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. Lancet. 2016;387(10017):475–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yourkavitch J, Chetwynd EM. Toward consistency: updating lactation and breastfeeding terminology for population health research. J Hum Lact. 2019;35(3):418–23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, Chew P, Magula N, DeVine D, et al. Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries. Evid Rep Technol Assess. 2007;153:1–186.

Google Scholar 

Qiao J, Dai LJ, Zhang Q, Ouyang YQ. A meta-analysis of the association between breastfeeding and early childhood obesity. J Pediatr Nurs. 2020;53:57–66.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bernardo H, Cesar V, World Health Organization. Long-term effects of breastfeeding: a systematic review. World Health Organization. 2013. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241505307.

Meek JY, Noble L. Policy Statement: breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics. 2022;150(1):1–11.

Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. Infant and young child feeding. 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact- sheets/detail/infant-and-young-child-feeding.

Martin CR, Ling PR, Blackburn GL. Review of infant feeding: key features of breast milk and infant formula. Nutrients. 2016;8(5):279.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Smith JP, Harvey PJ. Chronic disease and infant nutrition: is it significant to public health? Public Health Nutr. 2011;14(2):279–89.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stuebe A. The risks of not breastfeeding for mothers and infants. Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2009;2(4):222–31.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nguyen KH, Lew KP, Trivedi AN. Trends in collection of disaggregated Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander data: opportunities in federal health surveys. Am J Public Health. 2022;112(10):1429–35.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Taparra K, Miller RC, Curtiland DJ. Navigating Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander cancer disparities from a cultural and historical perspective. JCO Oncol Pract. 2021;17(3):130–4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mokuau N, DeLeon PH, Kaholokula JK, Soares S, Tsark JU, Haia C. Challenges and promises of health equity for Native Hawaiians. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2017.p. 169–178. https://doi.org/10.17226/27117.

Sun H, Lin M, Russell EM, Minster RL, Chan TF, Dinh BL, et al. The impact of global and local Polynesian genetic ancestry on complex traits in Native Hawaiians. PLoS Genet. 2021;17(2):e1009273.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hawaii State Department of Health. Pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system. Breastfeeding initiation by year and ethnicity Hawaii health data warehouse 2020. Available from: https://hhdw.org/report/query/result/prams/BFInitiation/BFInitiation_ST.html.

Hawaii State Department of Health, Hawaii Health Data Warehouse, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. Breastfeeding - (any) duration 8+ weeks Hawaii Health Data Warehouse 2020. Available from: https://hhdw.org/report/query/result/prams/BFAnyGE8Wks/BFAnyGE8Wks_ST.html.

Thulier D, Mercer J. Variables associated with breastfeeding duration. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2009;38(3):259–68.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nomura K, Minamizono S, Nagashima K, Ono M, Kitano N. Maternal body mass index and breastfeeding non-initiation and cessation: a quantitative review of the literature. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2684.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cohen SS, Alexander DD, Krebs NF, Young BE, Cabana MD, Erdmann P, et al. Factors associated with breastfeeding initiation and continuation: a meta-analysis. J Pediatr. 2018;203:190-6.e21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xiang AH, Chow T, Mora-Marquez J, Martinez MP, Wang X, Yu W, et al. Breastfeeding persistence at 6 months: trends and disparities from 2008 to 2015. J Pediatr. 2019;208:169-75.e2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Odar Stough C, Khalsa AS, Nabors LA, Merianos AL, Peugh J. Predictors of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months in a national sample of US children. Am J Health Promot. 2019;33(1):48–56.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Whipps MD. Education attainment and parity explain the relationship between maternal age and breastfeeding duration in US mothers. J Hum Lact. 2017;33(1):220–4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Levinienė G, Tamulevičienė E, Kudzytė J, Petrauskienė A, Zaborskis A, Aželienė I, et al. Factors associated with breastfeeding duration. Medicina (Kaunas). 2013;49(9):415–21.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meedya S, Fahy K, Kable A. Factors that positively influence breastfeeding duration to 6 months: a literature review. Women Birth. 2010;23(4):135–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Flood JL, Dodgson JE. Health care and social service providers’ descriptions of Pacific Islander mothers’ breastfeeding patterns. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2010;55(2):162–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mirkovic KR, Perrine CG, Scanlon KS. Paid maternity leave and breastfeeding outcomes. Birth. 2016;43(3):233–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pérez-Escamilla R, Martinez JL, Segura-Pérez S. Impact of the Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative on breastfeeding and child health outcomes: a systematic review. Matern Child Nutr. 2016;12(3):402–17.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baby Friendly USA. Baby-friendly facilities A-Z and by state 2023. Available from: https://www.babyfriendlyusa.org/for-parents/baby-friendly-facilities-by-state/.

Dodgson JE, Codier E, Kaiwi P, Oneha MF, Pagano I. Breastfeeding patterns in a community of Native Hawaiian mothers participating in WIC. Fam Community Health. 2007;30(2 Suppl):S46-58.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Colaizy TT, Saftlas AF, Morriss FH Jr. Maternal intention to breast-feed and breast-feeding outcomes in term and preterm infants: Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 2000–2003. Public Health Nutr. 2012;15(4):702–10.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bennett D, Gilchrist CA, Menzies RL, Harwood M, Kingi TK, Atatoa Carr P, et al. Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding for wāhine Māori. N Z Med J. 2022;135(1555):73–87.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)–a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377–81.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harris PA, Taylor R, Minor BL, Elliott V, Fernandez M, O’Neal L, et al. The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners. J Biomed Inform. 2019;95:103208.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Craighill Handy ES, Pukui MK. The Polynesian family system in Kaʻu, Hawaiʻi. Hawaiʻi: Tuttle Pub; 1989.

Google Scholar 

Kai J, Chen JJ, Braun KL, Kaholokula JK, Novotny R, Boushey CJ, et al. Associations between cultural identity, household membership and diet quality among Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, and Filipino infants in Hawaiʻi. Children (Basel). 2022;9(1):48.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaholokula JK, Nacapoy AH, Grandinetti A, Chang HK. Association between acculturation modes and type 2 diabetes among Native Hawaiians. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(4):698–700.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fialkowski MK, Ng-Osorio J, Kai J, Swafford K, Langfelder G, Young CG, et al. Type, timing, and diversity of complementary foods among Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, and Filipino infants. Hawaii J Health Soc Welf. 2020;79(5 Suppl1):127–34.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chiang KV, Hamner HC, Li R, Perrine CG. Timing of introduction of complementary foods - United States, 2016–2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(47):1787–91.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

IFPS II. Project FIRST month 9 questionnaire. 2007.

Google Scholar 

Taber KS. The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Res Sci Educ. 2018;48(6):1273–96.

Article  Google Scholar 

Pallant J. SPSS Survival Manual: A Step By Step Guide to Data Analysis Using SPSS Program (6th ed.). London: McGraw-Hill Education; 2016.

Hackshaw A. Small studies: strengths and limitations. Eur Respir J. 2008;32(5):1141–3.