Barros FC, Papageorghiou AT, Victora CG, Noble JA, Pang R, Iams J, Cheikh Ismail L, Goldenberg RL, Lambert A, Kramer MS et al (2015) The distribution of clinical phenotypes of preterm birth syndrome: implications for prevention. JAMA Pediatr 169:220. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.3040

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Villar J, Giuliani F, Barros F, Roggero P, Coronado Zarco IA, Rego MAS, Ochieng R, Gianni ML, Rao S, Lambert A et al (2018) Monitoring the postnatal growth of preterm infants: a paradigm change. Pediatrics 141:e20172467. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-2467

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gounaris AK, Sokou R, Gounari EA, Panagiotounakou P, Grivea IN (2023) Extrauterine growth restriction and optimal growth of very preterm neonates: state of the art. Nutrients 15:3231. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143231

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fenton TR, Chan HT, Madhu A, Griffin IJ, Hoyos A, Ziegler EE, Groh-Wargo S, Carlson SJ, Senterre T, Anderson D et al (2017) Preterm infant growth velocity calculations: a systematic review. Pediatrics 139:e20162045. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2045

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Clark RH, Thomas P, Peabody J (2003) Extrauterine growth restriction remains a serious problem in prematurely born neonates. Pediatrics 111:986–990. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.111.5.986

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peila C, Spada E, Giuliani F, Maiocco G, Raia M, Cresi F, Bertino E, Coscia A (2020) Extrauterine growth restriction: definitions and predictability of outcomes in a cohort of very low birth weight infants or preterm neonates. Nutrients 12:1224. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051224

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yazici A, Buyuktiryaki M, Sari FN et al (2023) Comparison of different growth curves in the assessment of extrauterine growth restriction in very low birth weight preterm infants. Arch Pediatr 30:31–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcped.2022.11.008

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zozaya C, Díaz C, Saenz de Pipaón (2018) M. How should we define postnatal growth restriction in preterm infants? Neonatology 114:177–180. https://doi.org/10.1159/000489388

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shah PS, Wong KY, Merko S, Bishara R, Dunn M, Asztalos E (2006) Darling, P.B. Postnatal growth failure in preterm infants: ascertainment and relation to long-term outcome. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 34. https://doi.org/10.1515/JPM.2006.094

Figueras-Aloy J, Palet-Trujols C, Matas-Barceló I, Botet-Mussons F, Carbonell-Estrany X (2020) Extrauterine growth restriction in very preterm infant: etiology, diagnosis, and 2-year follow-up. Eur J Pediatr 179:1469–1479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-020-03628-1

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhao T, Feng H-M, Caicike B, Zhu Y-P (2021) Investigation into the current situation and analysis of the factors influencing extrauterine growth retardation in preterm infants. Front Pediatr 9:643387. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.643387

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cormack BE, Embleton ND, Van Goudoever JB, Hay WW, Bloomfield FH (2016) Comparing apples with apples: it is time for standardized reporting of neonatal nutrition and growth studies. Pediatr Res 79:810–820. https://doi.org/10.1038/pr.2016.26

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Olsen IE, Groveman SA, Lawson ML, Clark RH, Zemel BS (2010) New intrauterine growth curves based on United States data. Pediatrics 125:e214–e224. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-0913

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fenton TR (2003) A new growth chart for preterm babies: Babson and Benda’s chart updated with recent data and a new format. BMC Pediatr 3:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-3-13

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fenton TR, Kim JH (2013) A systematic review and meta-analysis to revise the fenton growth chart for preterm infants. BMC Pediatr 13:59. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-13-59

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Papageorghiou AT, Ohuma EO, Altman DG, Todros T, Ismail LC, Lambert A, Jaffer YA, Bertino E, Gravett MG, Purwar M et al (2014) International standards for fetal growth based on serial ultrasound measurements: the fetal growth longitudinal study of the INTERGROWTH-21st project. The Lancet 384:869–879. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61490-2

Article  Google Scholar 

Villar J, Giuliani F, Bhutta ZA, Bertino E, Ohuma EO, Ismail LC, Barros FC, Altman DG, Victora C, Noble JA et al (2015) Postnatal growth standards for preterm infants: the preterm postnatal follow-up study of the INTERGROWTH-21 St project. Lancet Glob Health 3:e681–e691. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00163-1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Villar J, Cheikh Ismail L, Victora CG, Ohuma EO, Bertino E, Altman DG, Lambert A, Papageorghiou AT, Carvalho M, Jaffer YA et al (2014) International standards for newborn weight, length, and head circumference by gestational age and sex: the newborn cross-sectional study of the INTERGROWTH-21st project. Lancet 384:857–868. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60932-6

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fenton TR, Cormack B, Goldberg D et al (2020) “Extrauterine growth restriction” and “postnatal growth failure” are misnomers for preterm infants. J Perinatol 40:704–714. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-020-0658-5

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

González-López C, Solís-Sánchez G, Lareu-Vidal S et al (2024) Variability in definitions and criteria of extrauterine growth restriction and its association with neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants: a narrative review. Nutrients 16:968. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070968

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fenton TR, Samycia L, Elmrayed S et al (2024) Growth patterns by birth size of preterm children born at 24–29 gestational weeks for the first 3 years. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppe.13081

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jensen EA, Dysart K, Gantz MG et al (2019) The diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very preterm infants. An evidence-based approach. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 200:751–759. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201812-2348OC

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Calculators & Apps Available online: https://ucalgary.ca/resource/preterm-growth-chart/calculators-apps (accessed on 19 March 2023)

PediTools Universal Calculator Available online: https://peditools.org/peditools_universal/ (accessed on 20 September 2023)

Newborn size for very preterm infants. INTERGROWTH-21st available online: https://intergrowth21.tghn.org/very-preterm-size-birth/ (accessed on 20 March 2024)

Postnatal growth of preterm infants. INTERGROWTH-21st available online: http://intergrowth21.ndog.ox.ac.uk/preterm (accessed on 21 March 2024)

Ehrenkranz RA, Dusick AM, Vohr BR, Wright LL, Wrage LA, Poole WK (2006) For the national institutes of child health and human development neonatal research network growth in the neonatal intensive care unit influences neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 117:1253–1261. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-1368

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Franz AR, Pohlandt F, Bode H, Mihatsch WA, Sander S, Kron M, Steinmacher J (2009) Intrauterine, Early neonatal, and postdischarge growth and neurodevelopmental outcome at 54 years in extremely preterm infants after intensive neonatal nutritional support. Pediatrics 123:e101-109. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-1352

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Belfort MB, Rifas-Shiman SL, Sullivan T, Collins CT, McPhee AJ, Ryan P, Kleinman KP, Gillman MW, Gibson RA, Makrides M (2011) Infant growth before and after term: effects on neurodevelopment in preterm infants. Pediatrics 128:e899–e906. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-0282

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Meyers JM, Tan S, Bell EF, Duncan AF, Guillet R, Stoll BJ, D’Angio CT (2019) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development neonatal research network neurodevelopmental outcomes among extremely premature infants with linear growth restriction. J Perinatol 39:193–202. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-018-0259-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sammallahti S, Pyhälä R, Lahti M, Lahti J, Pesonen A-K, Heinonen K, Hovi P, Eriksson JG, Strang-Karlsson S, Andersson S et al (2014) Infant growth after preterm birth and neurocognitive abilities in young adulthood. J Pediatr 165:1109-1115.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.08.028

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shan HM, Cai W, Cao Y, Fang BH, Feng Y (2009) Extrauterine growth retardation in premature infants in Shanghai: a multicenter retrospective review. Eur J Pediatr 168:1055–1059. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-008-0885-9

Article  PubMed