Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood neuropsychiatric conditions. Both (epi)genetic and environmental factors are suggested to contribute to the aetiology of ADHD. In the last decade, nutrition has received considerable attention as potential environmental factor triggering ADHD behaviour. Studies applying a few-foods diet (FFD) can lead to behavioural improvements of at least 40% in 50-64% of children with ADHD. It is conceivable that the Microbiota-Gut-Brain (MGB) axis is involved in the mechanism of action underlying the behavioural improvements observed in children with ADHD after following the FFD. This study investigated potential associations between changes in ADHD symptoms in children that followed an FFD. We identified a significant association between microbiota composition and change in ADHD symptoms in food-associated ADHD.
Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.
Clinical TrialNCT03440346
Funding StatementThis study was funded by the Porticus foundation, which was not involved in study design and execution, data analysis and its interpretation, writing the manuscript and the submission for publication.
Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.
Yes
The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:
The Medical Research and Ethics Committee of Wageningen University gave ethical approval for this work (NL63851.081.17, application 17/24).
I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.
Yes
I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).
Yes
I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable.
Yes
Data AvailabilityAll data produced in the present study are available upon reasonable request to the authors
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