Pantoni L. Cerebral small vessel disease: from pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9:689–701. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70104-6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duering M, Biessels GJ, Brodtmann A, Chen C, Cordonnier C, de Leeuw FE, et al. Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease—advances since 2013. Lancet Neurol. 2023;22:602–18. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147444222300131X.

Wardlaw JM, Doubal F, Armitage P, Chappell F, Carpenter T, Muñoz Maniega S, et al. Lacunar stroke is associated with diffuse blood–brain barrier dysfunction. Ann Neurol. 2009;65:194–202. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.21549.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wong SM, Jansen JFA, Zhang CE, Hoff EI, Staals J, van Oostenbrugge RJ, et al. Blood-brain barrier impairment and hypoperfusion are linked in cerebral small vessel disease. Neurology. 2019;92:e1669 LP–e1677. http://n.neurology.org/content/92/15/e1669.abstract.

Article  Google Scholar 

Muñoz Maniega S, Chappell FM, Valdés Hernández MC, Armitage PA, Makin SD, Heye AK, et al. Integrity of normal-appearing white matter: Influence of age, visible lesion burden and hypertension in patients with small-vessel disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2016;37:644–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X16635657.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Heye AK, Thrippleton MJ, Chappell FM, Valdés Hernández MdelC, Armitage PA, Makin SD, et al. Blood pressure and sodium: Association with MRI markers in cerebral small vessel disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2015;36:264–74. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2015.64.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Webb AJS, Simoni M, Mazzucco S, Kuker W, Schulz U, Rothwell PM. Increased cerebral arterial pulsatility in patients with leukoaraiosis. Stroke. 2012;43:2631–6. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.655837.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Webb AJS, Lawson A, Wartolowska K, Mazzucco S, Rothwell PM. Aortic stiffness, pulse pressure, and cerebral pulsatility progress despite best medical management: the OXVASC cohort. Stroke. 2022;53:1310–7. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.035560.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shi Y, Thrippleton MJ, Blair GW, Dickie DA, Marshall I, Hamilton I, et al. Small vessel disease is associated with altered cerebrovascular pulsatility but not resting cerebral blood flow. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2018;40:85–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X18803956.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Garcia-Polite F, Martorell J, Del Rey-Puech P, Melgar-Lesmes P, O’Brien CC, Roquer J, et al. Pulsatility and high shear stress deteriorate barrier phenotype in brain microvascular endothelium. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2016;37:2614–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X16672482.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

CJ A, Patrick S, Timothy H, Raymond T. Large-artery stiffness in health and disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74:1237–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.07.012.

Article  Google Scholar 

Vilar-Bergua A, Riba-Llena I, Penalba A, Cruz LM, Jiménez-Balado J, Montaner J, et al. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and subclinical brain small vessel disease. Neurology. 2016;87:2533 LP–2539. http://n.neurology.org/content/87/24/2533.abstract.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gómez-Choco M, Mena L, Font MÀ, Mengual JJ, Garcia-Sanchez SM, Avellaneda C, et al. NT-proBNP, cerebral small vessel disease and cardiac function in patients with a recent lacunar infarct. J Hum Hypertens. 2023;37:62–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-021-00648-8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bohara M, Kambe Y, Nagayama T, Tokimura H, Arita K, Miyata A. C-type natriuretic peptide modulates permeability of the blood–brain barrier. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2014;34:589–96. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2013.234.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thrippleton MJ, Backes WH, Sourbron S, Ingrisch M, van Osch MJP, Dichgans M, et al. Quantifying blood-brain barrier leakage in small vessel disease: review and consensus recommendations. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2019;15:840–58. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1552526019300457.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mena L, Mengual JJ, García-Sánchez SM, Avellaneda-Gómez C, Font MÀ, Montull C, et al. Relationship of arterial stiffness and baseline vascular burden with new lacunes and microbleeds: a longitudinal cohort study. Eur Stroke J. 2023;23969873231207764. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/23969873231207764.

Wardlaw JM, Smith EE, Biessels GJ, Cordonnier C, Fazekas F, Frayne R, et al. Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12:822–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70124-8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fernández-Llama P, Pareja J, Yun S, Vázquez S, Oliveras A, Armario P, et al. Cuff-based oscillometric central and brachial blood pressures obtained through ABPM are similarly associated with renal organ damage in arterial hypertension. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2017;42:1068–77. https://doi.org/10.1159/000485595.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, Agabiti Rosei E, Azizi M, Burnier M, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of Hypertension (ESH). Eur Heart J. 2018;39:3021–104. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hametner B, Wassertheurer S, Kropf J, Mayer C, Eber B, Weber T. Oscillometric estimation of aortic pulse wave velocity: comparison with intra-aortic catheter measurements. Blood Press Monit. 2013;18. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/bpmonitoring/fulltext/2013/06000/oscillometric_estimation_of_aortic_pulse_wave.9.aspx.

Klarenbeek P, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Rouhl RPW, Knottnerus ILH, Staals J. Ambulatory blood pressure in patients with lacunar stroke. Stroke. 2013;44:2995–9. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.002545.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barnes SR, Ng TSC, Santa-Maria N, Montagne A, Zlokovic BV, Jacobs RE. ROCKETSHIP: a flexible and modular software tool for the planning, processing and analysis of dynamic MRI studies. BMC Med Imaging. 2015;15:19 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-015-0062-3.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wardlaw JM, Makin SJ, Valdés Hernández MC, Armitage PA, Heye AK, Chappell FM, et al. Blood-brain barrier failure as a core mechanism in cerebral small vessel disease and dementia: evidence from a cohort study. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2017;13:634–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2016.09.006.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kerkhofs D, Wong SM, Zhang E, Staals J, Jansen JFA, van Oostenbrugge RJ, et al. Baseline blood-brain barrier leakage and longitudinal microstructural tissue damage in the periphery of white matter hyperintensities. Neurology. 2021;96:e2192 LP–e2200. http://n.neurology.org/content/96/17/e2192.abstract.

Article  Google Scholar 

Muhire G, Iulita MF, Vallerand D, Youwakim J, Gratuze M, Petry FR, et al. Arterial stiffness due to carotid calcification disrupts cerebral blood flow regulation and leads to cognitive deficits. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8:e011630. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.011630.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Verheggen ICM, de Jong JJA, van Boxtel MPJ, Gronenschild EHBM, Palm WM, Postma AA, et al. Increase in blood–brain barrier leakage in healthy, older adults. GeroScience. 2020;42:1183–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-020-00211-2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Group TSMI for the SR. Association of intensive vs standard blood pressure control with cerebral white matter lesions. JAMA. 2019;322:524–34. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.10551.

Article  Google Scholar 

White WB, Wakefield DB, Moscufo N, Guttmann CRG, Kaplan RF, Bohannon RW, et al. Effects of intensive versus standard ambulatory blood pressure control on cerebrovascular outcomes in older people (INFINITY). Circulation. 2019;140:1626–35. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041603.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Miyagi T, Ishida A, Shinzato T, Ohya Y. Arterial stiffness is associated with small vessel disease irrespective of blood pressure in stroke-free individuals. Stroke. 2023;54:2814–21. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.123.042512.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goldstein ED, Wolcott Z, Garg G, Navarro K, Delic A, Yaghi S, et al. Effect of antihypertensives by class on cerebral small vessel disease: a post hoc analysis of SPRINT-MIND. Stroke 2022;53:2435–40. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.037997.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kopczak A, Stringer MS, van den Brink H, Kerkhofs D, Blair GW, van Dinther M, et al. The effects of amlodipine and other blood pressure lowering agents on microvascular function in small vessel diseases (TREAT-SVDs) trial: study protocol for a randomised crossover trial. Eur Stroke J. 2022;8:387–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/23969873221143570. Available from.