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Rupchand R. Tikale1
and Swapnil V. Madhamshetiwar2
1CHLR, Sardar Patel College, Chandrapur, Maharashtra, India.
2Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel College, Chandrapur, Maharashtra, India.
Corresponding Author E-mail: rupchandtikale@gmail.com
Article Publishing History
Article Received on : 26 Apr 2024
Article Accepted on :
Article Published : 21 Jun 2024
Soil quality is crucial for the fulfilment of food requirement of huge population of developing countries like India. The goal of the current investigation was to assess the impact of crop harvesting on soil with special reference to paddy crop. To meet the study's goals, fifteen locations were chosen from Mul tehsil in Chandrapur District (M.S.), India. The study used a systematic sampling and samples were chosen grid-wise based on how the population cluster used the rice that was grown. During the study, numerous markers connected with soil quality were inspected, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, water holding (WH), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron, and natural carbon (OC). The results obtained indicate that the soil of the study area was saline at more than 75% of the sampling sites. Greater soil fertility is found at more than 81% of the sites as indicated by OC values. The soil was observed from acidic to alkaline in nature. The soil's suitability for paddy crops is also indicated by the levels of iron, zinc, copper, and nitrogen. Most of the physical characteristics and micronutrient content dropped after the harvesting of rice crop except copper.
KEYWORDS:Crop; NPK; Mul Tehsil; Maharashtra; OC; pH; Soil health; Soil Fertility
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Copy the following to cite this article:Tikale R. R, Madhamshetiwar S. V. Effect of NPK and Other Micronutrient on Paddy Soil. Orient J Chem 2024;40(3).
Tikale R. R, Madhamshetiwar S. V. Effect of NPK and Other Micronutrient on Paddy Soil. Orient J Chem 2024;40(3). Available from: https://bit.ly/3VAI7tj
Introduction
Asia’s agricultural output needs to rise to feed its expanding population. To enhance the crop production, farmers are using inorganic fertilizers and other different practices which are disturbing the soil health. Excess use of inorganic fertilizer impacting the soil microflora which are very essential in maintaining the health of soil as they help in breakdown of organic material, nutrient recycling and biotransformation of pollutants1,2. Beside this, tillage practices, excess of irrigation, crop rotation, and crop mixing are some of the factors that affect the soil fertility3,4.
Several environmental issues, including soil acidity and compaction, have been brought on by the misuse of chemical fertilizers in recent years. These issues can be resolved by switching to organic fertilizers from chemical ones2,5. Using a soil index to evaluate the fertility of the soil can offer important insights into practical approaches and future-proof methods for achieving sustainable paddy cultivation. By creating and maintaining soil fertility, soil fertility (SF) can be managed. Fertilization has become a widely used management strategy to boost crop yields as agricultural output has increased5,6. Long-term field experiments (LTFEs) offer measurements on the fertility and quality of the soil and can be used to predict the interactions between the environment and soil productivity. Many investigations into the impact of fertilizers on soil fertility were started in the past, across the world7,8.
Among all agricultural products, rice crops require the greatest amount of water. Although an accurate evaluation of the extent of water shortage in Asian rice production is still lacking, there are signs that the rice-based agricultural system’s sustainability is being threatened by diminishing water quality and decreased availability of water resources9. One of the key factors preventing rain-fed rice from yielding much is drought. Research on increasing rice yields while using less water is crucial for the food security and environmental well-being of Asia9,10.
Many farmers in Mul Tehsil skillfully farmed crops including rice, wheat, legumes, etc. to achieve large yields. Their ignorance of the necessity of all necessary micronutrients being present for stable soil quality is the reason behind their erroneous use of many pesticides and inorganic fertilizers. Soil quality is lowered by reduced usage of organic fertilizer and increased input of mineral fertilizers, which results in reduced organic carbon in the soil11. Therefore, the present study was carried out to evaluate the characteristics of soil before and after the harvesting of paddy crop in Mul tehsil of Chandrapur district, Maharashtra, India. This is the first study of its kind conducted in Maharashtra’s Mul tehsil.
Materials and Methods
Study area
The study area is located at 20° 4′ 19.4016” N and 79° 40′ 24.7368” E ( Table 1) in Mul, Maharashtra. This tehsil is nearby Shindewahi, Sawali, Pombhurna, and Chandrapur and We are studying a few communities in the Mul tehsil.
Table 1: Soil sampling with GPS mapping in Mul Tehsil of Maharashtra state in India.
Sample Code
Village Name
Site Code
Latitude
Longitude
MH-MUL-01
Kosambi
SC-01
20.075454
79.658820
MH-MUL-02
Maroda
SC-02
20.102035
79.657680
MH-MUL-03
Katwan
SC-03
20.065854
79.622631
MH-MUL-04
Janala Ryt.
SC-04
20.026861
79.609384
MH-MUL-05
Tolewahi
SC-05
19.999142
79.602174
MH-MUL-06
Kantapeth Ryt.
SC-06
20.010974
79.613656
MH-MUL-07
Chiroli
SC-07
19.994528
79.624107
MH-MUL-08
Sushi Dabgaon
SC-08
19.956965
79.612806
MH-MUL-09
Pipari Dixit
SC-09
19.952963
79.663788
MH-MUL-10
Dugala
SC-10
19.953834
79.726131
MH-MUL-11
Sintala
SC-11
19.962001
79.698984
MH-MUL-12
Bhejgaon
SC-12
19.976751
79.690146
MH-MUL-13
Haldi Gaonganna
SC-13
19.992644
79.693887
MH-MUL-14
Chichala (Mo)
SC-14
20.009598
79.697732
MH-MUL-15
Rajoli
SC-15
20.193763
79.685675
(MH- Maharashtra, MUL- MUL Tehsil)
Sample preparation and analysis
The soil samples were prepared and analyzed following the standard methods which were used by several authors in their studies and they also recommended those for future studies 7,12. The used methods are given in table 2.
Table 2: Properties of Soil analyzed and standard method used during the study period.
SN
Parameters
Method used
1
Water Holding Capacity (%)
Gravity method
2
Electrical Conductivity (Ds/cm3)
Using Conductivity meter
3
Total Organic Carbon (%)
Volumetric and colorimetric methods
4
pH
Using pH meter
5
P (Mg/Kg)
Colorimetric methods
6
NO3–N (Mg/Kg)
Titration method
7
K (Mg/Kg)
Flame photometer
8
Cu (Mg/Kg)
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) method
9
Zn (Mg/Kg)
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) method
10
Fe (Mg/Kg)
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) method
Results and Discussion
Several soil quality parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), water holding capacity (WHC), nitrogen (N), potassium (P), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and organic carbon (OC), were measured in soil samples. The outcomes attained over the research period are provided in table 3.
Table 3: Showing the result of WHC, EC, pH, OC, N, P, K, Zn, Cu, Fe,.
village
code
Water
Holding
Capacity (%)
EC
(Ds/cm3)
pH
Organic Carbon (%)
Nitrogen
(Kg ha-1)
Zinc
(ppm)
Copper (Mg kg-1)
Iron %
Phosporus
(Kg ha-1)
Potassium
(Kg ha-1)
BH
AH
BH
AH
BH
AH
BH
AH
BH
AH
BH
AH
BH
AH
BH
AH
BH
AH
BH
AH
SC-01
27
25
0.5
0.4
4.5
3.9
1.9
1.8
310
309
21.8
21.5
4
5
22.8
21.7
22
19
271
269
SC-02
21.3
17.5
0.7
0.6
7.1
7.3
2.1
1.8
120
118
37
34
4.3
4.1
14
11
17.3
15.2
180
176
SC-03
21.5
18
0.8
0.5
8.5
8.3
1.9
0.6
127
124
65
34
7
6
11.7
10.5
21.31
18
164
163
SC-04
29.8
27
0.3
0.3
7.5
7.4
2.4
2.3
108
109
58
55
2.5
2.2
6.6
5.9
16.3
18.2
155
158
SC-05
13.8
12.5
0.2
0.3
4.9
4.6
0.8
0.6
289
285
63
61
4.5
4.4
11.2
9.6
15.49
14.23
159
157
SC-06
22.2
21.5
0.5
0.4
11.7
10.8
1.3
1.2
161
159
36
32
27.4
26.3
7.4
6.1
15.21
14.56
264
261
SC-07
18.5
17.2
0.6
0.4
10.8
10.1
3.2
3
121
118
61
62
1.8
1.6
5
4.8
21.69
23.78
258
256
SC-08
23
21
0.9
0.8
8.5
8.2
2.9
2.7
79
82
34
32
2.1
1.9
4.7
4.1
14.87
14.12
188
184
SC-09
22.3
21.5
0.5
0.3
8.9
8.6
0.8
0.7
124
121
58
56
18.3
16.2
6.8
6.4
23.6
21.58
210
213
SC-10
22.5
20.3
0.7
0.4
11.3
10.5
3.5
3.3
139
136
54
71
8.3
7.4
5.8
5.3
22.46
21.21
222
218
SC-11
26.5
23
0.7
0.5
9.9
9.2
3.8
3.3
61
58
72
71
2.9
2.6
13.1
12.3
17.12
16.47
191
187
SC-12
20
17.5
0.8
0.7
8.8
7.9
2.9
2.9
331
328
35
32
8
7
25.1
24.5
21.67
20.48
277
275
SC-13
24
22.2
0.5
0.3
10.9
10.6
3.8
3.4
113
111
33
31
62
59
16.6
14.4
14.97
17.95
169
174
SC-14
17
14.6
0.7
0.5
11.8
10.5
3.8
3.8
423
416
55
54
33
31
9.8
8.4
24.82
22.62
171
169
SC-15
20.9
17.1
0.4
0.3
9.8
9.4
3.3
3.4
149
152
43
42
14.3
12.7
11.5
10.4
13.11
11.64
175
173
Values of physicochemical parameters
Water Holding Capacity (WHC)
One of the main functions of soil is to hold onto moisture and supply it to plants between irrigations or downpours. Plant transpiration, deep percolation, and soil evaporation all contribute to the reduction of soil moisture between water applications. WHC of soil depends on soil structure13. In clay soil, the WHC is greater than that of sandy soil9. In the current study, maximum WHC was found at site 4 (29.3%) while minimum at site 5 (14.7%). WHC of the soil was decreased after paddy crop harvesting at most of the sites. The drop in WHC might be caused by the soil being saturated with water during crop growth, which closes the soil’s pores. Higher soil water-holding capacity is required for crop production but in the current investigation, the WHC of the soil was determined to be quite low. The region needed regular watering, as indicated by the low WHC readings, and confirmed by site inspections.
Electrical conductivity (EC)
The intrinsic variability of paddy soils’ physicochemical properties affects rice productivity. Currently, it is useless to apply agricultural fertilisers evenly throughout a field, as this might result in either an excess or a shortage of nutrients. Good agricultural practises are achievable soil and nutrient changes a soil-yield relationship is established14,15. The nutrient of the soil made available to the plant on moderate EC values. The salinity of the study area soil varies from moderate (3.12-6.14 Ds/cm3) to high (8.04-23.21 Ds/cm3). After the paddy harvesting, EC dropped at all the locations but very little variation in the EC values was observed before and after harvesting. Higher conductivity values are not good for crops since they cause plants to absorb less water16.
Organic Carbon (OC)
Organic carbon improves crop output, soil sustainability, soil tilth, and soil fertility in agricultural settings. It is known that modifications to tillage, fertilisation, irrigation, and other practises may affect the organic content of crops5,17. The lowest OC (0.28%) was recorded at SC-06 while the highest OC (3.69%) at SC-15. The paddy soil in the research area is divided as having excellent fertility by Jaiswal18. There was a little decrease in the values of OC of soil and at certain locations the values were the same BH and AH of paddy crop. Crop frequency and the anaerobic period are closely correlated with the reduction in OC. Since OC functions as a nutrient and binds soil particles together, proper OC levels are necessary to preserve the integrity of soil19.
pH
The greatest direct influence on rice development comes from soil pH, which also affects the equilibrium of sulphides and iron in the chemical composition, both of which pose a threat to rice when present in large quantities20. The pH value of the study area soil ranges between 4.1 to11.9. Of all the samples, 12% were found in acidic range while 43% in alkaline range and the other samples to be neutral or neutral. Slight shift from basic to acidic range was observed in the pH of soil BH and AH of paddy crop’s. Talpur et al. also noted a same downward trend in soil pH21. The breakdown of organic content and water seeping through soil might be the cause of the soil’s pH dropping. The reduction of soil parameters to an acidic state may be caused by salt buildup from repeated irrigation operations.
Nitrogen
It is crucial to add more nitrogen to rice production systems to boost crop yield and keep up with the growing human population22. The sizable amount of nitrogen that was supplied to the paddy gets lost to the micronutrient, which has a lot of adverse consequences. The nitrogen content was highest (423 Kg ha-1) at SC-14 and lowest (61 Kg ha-1) at SC-11. Of the fifteen samples, thirteen fall into the acceptable range for nitrogen. Comparing the nitrogen levels of the paddy crop’s soil BH and AH to other parameters, a significant difference was found.
Potassium
In the current investigation, the potassium content was found highest (271 Kg ha-1) at SC-01 and lowest (155 Kg ha-1) at SC-04. Of the fifteen samples, two fall into the low range (less than thirty) and thirteen fall into the acceptable range for potassium. Comparing the potassium levels of the paddy crop’s soil BH and AH to other parameters, a significant difference was found.
Phosphorus
One of the key elements needed for plant growth is phosphorus (P). The phosphorus content was found highest (24.82 Kg ha-1) at SC-14 and lowest (13.11 Kg ha-1) at SC-15. Of the fifteen samples, thirteen fall into the acceptable range for phosphorus. A substantial difference was seen when the phosphorus levels of the paddy crop’s soil BH and AH were compared to other parameters.
Zinc
It is necessary for the plant’s ability to withstand cold temperatures, the preparation of certain carbohydrates, and transformation of starches into sugars. Zinc levels ranged from a minimum of 21.0 ppm at SC-01 to a maximum of 75.00 ppm at SC-10. At every paddy crop location (BH and AH), the levels of zinc dropped. Following the paddy crop, the soil’s nature changed to a little alkaline mode, and the zinc values decreased.
Copper
Copper shortage affects photosynthesis and respiration. As a result, empty grains and spikelets might become sterile23. An appropriate concentration of copper decreased the occurrence of many plant diseases. Copper levels ranged from 1.1 Mg kg-1 at minimum at SC-08 to 64.00 Mg kg-1 at maximum at SC-12. The majority of the locations saw a minor rise in soil copper levels, while some also saw a drop.
Iron
For plants, iron is a necessary component. In the respiration and photosynthesis of electron-transport chains, it performs the functions of receiving and supplying electrons24. Iron levels ranged from a minimum of 3.6% at SC-08 to a maximum of 27.11 Mg kg-1 at SC-12. At every paddy crop location, the levels of iron dropped before and after the harvesting of paddy crop.
Conclusion
The goal of the current study was to evaluate how crop harvesting affects the condition of the soil in Mul Tehsil (M.S.), India. In this study, the paddy crop case study was selected. The results indicate that the measures like WHC were found to be in the medium range, the pH of the soil was determined to be in an alkaline medium. The soil was found to be somewhat and extremely salted. The fertility of the soil was found to be in fair condition. It is found that the ranges for iron, zinc, copper, phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen decreased but the values currently are in acceptable. Following rice harvesting, most physicochemical metrics and micronutrient levels decreased except copper. Although the ionic balance may soon be broken by rapidly expanding human activities, which would reduce agricultural productivity, the soil was found to be in satisfactory condition at the time.
Conflict of Interest
The writers affirm that they don’t have any competing interests.
References
Ludwig, M.; Achtenhagen, J.; Miltner, A.; Eckhardt, K.U.; Leinweber, P.; Emmerling, C.; Thiele-Bruhn, S. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2015, 81, 311-322.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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