The SHIPPs study was supported by the Japanese Association for Surgery of Trauma Multicenter Trial Committee for their contributions to data collection at each institution.

The authors thank all collaborators of SHIPPs study group: Tomoya Ito (Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Aichi, Japan); Motoyoshi Yamamoto and Yoshihiro Yamamoto (Department of Emergency Medicine, Aizawa Hospital, Nagano, Japan); Hiroto Manase (Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Red Cross Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan); Nozomi Takahashi (Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan); Akinori Osuka (Department of Trauma, Critical Care Medicine and Burn Center, Chukyo Hospital, Nagoya, Japan); Suguru Annen (Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Ehime University Hospital, Ehime, Japan); Nobuki Ishikawa (Department of Pediatric Surgery, Fukui Prefectural Hospital, Fukui, Japan); Kazushi Takayama (Trauma, Emergency and Critical Care Center, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan); Keita Minowa ((Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hachinohe City Hospital, Aomori, Japan); Kenichi Hakamada (Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University Hospital, Aomori, Japan); Akari Kusaka (Critical Care Medical Center, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan); Mineji Hayakawa and Shota Kawahara (Department of Emergency Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan); Satoshi Hirano (Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan); Marika Matsumoto (Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hyogo Emergency Medical Center, Hyogo, Japan); Kohei Kusumoto (Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Hyogo, Japan); Hiroshi Kodaira (Department of Emergency Medicine, Hyogo Prefectural Awaji Medical Center, Hyogo, Japan); Chika Kunishige (Acute Care Medical Center, Hyogo Prefectural Kakogawa Medical Center, Hyogo, Japan); Keiichiro Toma and Yusuke Seino (Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Hyogo Prefectural Kobe Children's Hospital, Hyogo, Japan); Michio Kobayashi (Department of Emergency Medicine, Ishinomaki Red Cross Hospital, Miyagi, Japan); Masaaki Sakuraya (Division of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, JA Hiroshima General Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan); Takafumi Shinjo and Shigeru Ono (Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Tochigi, Japan); Hideto Yasuda and Haruka Taira (Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan); Kazuhiko Omori (Department of Acute Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Shizuoka Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan); Yutaka Kondo (Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan); Yoshio Kamimura (Department of Emergency Medicine, Kagoshima City Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan); Atsushi Shiraishi and Rei Tanaka (Emergency and Trauma Center, Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan); Yukihiro Tsuzuki (Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Kanagawa, Japan); Yukio Sato (Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan); Noriaki Kyogoku (Department of Surgery, Kitami Red Cross Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan); Masafumi Onishi and Kaichi Kawai (Department of Emergency Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Hyogo, Japan); Kazuyuki Hayashida and Keiko Terazumi (KRC Severe Trauma Center / Trauma & Critical Care, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan); Akira Kuriyama and Susumu Matsushime (Emergency and Critical Care Center, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan); Osamu Takasu and Toshio Morita (Advanced Emergency Medical Service Center, Kurume University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan); Nagato Sato (Department of Surgery, Kushiro City General Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan); Wataru Ishii and Michitaro Miyaguni (Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan); Shingo Fukuma (Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan); Yosuke Nakabayashi and Yoshimi Ohtaki (Advanced Medical Emergency Department and Critical Care Center, Maebashi Red Cross Hospital, Gunma, Japan); Kiyoshi Murata and Masayuki Yagi (Department of Emergency Medicine and Acute Care Surgery, Matsudo City General Hospital, Chiba, Japan); Tadashi Kaneko (Emergency and Critical Care Center, Mie University Hospital, Mie, Japan); Shigeru Takamizawa (Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nagano Children's Hospital, Nagano, Japan); Akihiro Yasui (Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan); Yasuaki Mayama (Department of Emergency Medicine, Nakagami Hospital, Okinawa, Japan); Masafumi Gima (Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan); Ichiro Okada (Department of Critical Care Medicine and Trauma, National Hospital Organization Disaster Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan); Asuka Tsuchiya and Koji Ishigami (Department of Emergency Medicine, National Hospital Organization Mito Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan); Yukiko Masuda (Emergency and Critical Care Center, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Nagasaki, Japan); Yasuo Yamada (Department of Emergency Medicine, National Hospital Organization Sendai Medical Center, Miyagi, Japan); Hiroshi Yasumatsu (Shock and Trauma Center, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Chiba, Japan); Kenta Shigeta (Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School Hospital, Tokyo, Japan); Kohei Kato (Department of Surgery, Obihiro Kosei Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan); Fumihito Ito (Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Ohta Nishinouchi Hospital, Fukushima, Japan); Atsuyoshi Iida (Department of Emergency Medicine, Okayama Red Cross Hospital, Okayama, Japan); Tetsuya Yumoto and Hiromichi Naito (Department of Emergency, Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan); Morihiro Katsura and Yoshitaka Saegusa (Department of Surgery, Okinawa Chubu Hospital, Okinawa, Japan); Tomohiko Azuma (Department of Surgery, Okinawa Hokubu Hospital, Okinawa, Japan); Shima Asano (Department of Surgery, Okinawa Miyako Hospital, Okinawa, Japan); Takehiro Umemura and Norihiro Goto (Department of Emergency Medicine, Okinawa Nanbu Medical Center & Children's Medical Center, Okinawa, Japan); Takao Yamamoto (Department of Surgery, Okinawa Yaeyama Hospital, Okinawa, Japan); Junichi Ishikawa (Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan); Elena Yukie Uebayashi (Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Osaka, Japan); Shunichiro Nakao (Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan); Yuko Ogawa (Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan); Takashi Irinoda (Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Osaki Citizen Hospital, Osaka, Japan); Yuki Narumi (Senshu Trauma And Critical Care Center, Rinku General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan); Miho Asahi (Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Saga University Hospital, Saga, Japan); Takayuki Ogura and Takashi Hazama (Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, Tochigi, Japan); Shokei Matsumoto (Department of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Saiseikai Yokohamashi Tobu Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan); Daisuke Miyamoto (Department of Emergency, Trauma and Critical Care Medicine, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan); Keisuke Harada and Narumi Kubota (Department of Emergency Medicine, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan); Yusuke Konda (Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Sendai City Hospital, Miyagi, Japan); Takeshi Asai (Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shikoku Medical Center for Children and Adults, Kagawa, Japan); Tomohiro Muronoi (Department of Acute Care Surgery, Shimane University Hospital, Shimane, Japan); Kazuhide Matsushima (Division of Acute Care Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United State); Toru Hifumi and Kasumi Shirasaki (Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan); Shigeyuki Furuta and Atsuko Fujikawa (Department of Pediatric Surgery and Department of Radiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan); Makoto Takaoka (Himeji Emergency Trauma and Critical Care Center, Steel Memorial Hirohata Hospital, Hyogo, Japan); Kaori Ito (Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Acute Care Surgery, Teikyo University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan); Satoshi Nara (Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan); Shigeki Kushimoto and Atsushi Tanikawa (Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Miyagi, Japan); Masato Tsuchikane (Department of Emergency Medical and Critical Medicine, Tokai University Hachioji Hospital, Tokyo, Japan); Naoya Miura and Naoki Sakoda (Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan); Tadaaki Takada (Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokushima Red Cross Hospital, Tokushima, Japan); Shogo Shirane (Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Chiba, Japan); Akira Endo and Keita Nakatsutsumi (Trauma and Acute Critical Care Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan); Kenta Sugiura and Yusuke Hagiwara (Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan); and Tamotsu Gotou (Tajima Emergency & Critical Care Medical Center, Toyooka Hospital, Hyogo, Japan).