The age of the obesity onset is a very important factor for the development of metabolic complications and cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents with severe obesity

Payne JH, DeWind LT, Commons RR (1963) Metabolic observations in patients with jejunocolic shunts. Am J Surg 106(2):273–289

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kelly AS, Barlow SE, Rao G, Inge TH, Hayman LL, Steinberger J et al (2013) Severe obesity in children and adolescents: identification, associated health risks, and treatment approaches. Circulation 128(15):1689–1712

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cole TJ, Lobstein T (2012) Extended international (IOTF) body mass index cut-offs for thinness, overweight and obesity. Pediatr Obes 7(4):284–294

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Flegal KM, Wei R, Ogden CL, Freedman DS, Johnson CL, Curtin LR (2009) Characterizing extreme values of body mass index–for-age by using the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts. Am J Clin Nutr 90(5):1314–1320

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Lawman HG, Fryar CD, Kruszon-Moran D, Kit BK et al (2016) Trends in obesity prevalence among children and adolescents in the United States, 1988–1994 Through 2013–2014. JAMA 315(21):2292

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pinhas-Hamiel O, Hamiel U, Bendor CD, Bardugo A, Twig G, Cukierman-Yaffe T (2022) The global spread of severe obesity in toddlers, children, and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Facts 15(2):118–134

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Van Emmerik NMA, Renders CM, Van De Veer M, Van Buuren S, Van Der Baan-Slootweg OH, Kist-van Holthe JE et al (2012) High cardiovascular risk in severely obese young children and adolescents. Arch Dis Child 97(9):818–21

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Freedman DS, Mei Z, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS, Dietz WH (2007) Cardiovascular risk factors and excess adiposity among overweight children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. J Pediatr 150(1):12-17.e2

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ice CL, Murphy E, Cottrell L, Neal WA (2011) Morbidly obese diagnosis as an indicator of cardiovascular disease risk in children: results from the CARDIAC Project. Int J Pediatr Obes 6(2):113–119

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zolotarjova J, ten Velde G, Vreugdenhil ACE (2018) Effects of multidisciplinary interventions on weight loss and health outcomes in children and adolescents with morbid obesity. Obes Rev 19(7):931–946

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ryder JR, Xu P, Inge TH, Xie C, Jenkins TM, Hur C et al (2020) Thirty-year risk of cardiovascular disease events in adolescents with severe obesity. Obesity 28(3):616–623

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brambilla P, Lissau I, Flodmark CE, Moreno LA, Widhalm K, Wabitsch M et al (2007) Metabolic risk-factor clustering estimation in children: to draw a line across pediatric metabolic syndrome. Int J Obes 31(4):591–600

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mierzwa M, Bik-Multanowski M, Ranke MB, Brandt S, Flehmig B, Małecka-Tendera E et al (2022) Clinical, genetic, and epidemiological survey of Polish children and adolescents with severe obesity: a study protocol of the Polish-German study project on severe early-onset obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 21:13

Google Scholar 

Lurbe E, Agabiti-Rosei E, Cruickshank JK, Dominiczak A, Erdine S, Hirth A, Invitti C, Litwin M, Mancia G, Pall D, Rascher W, Redon J, Schaefer F, Seeman T, Sinha M, Stabouli S, Webb NJ, Wühl E, Zanchetti A (2016) 2016 European Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. J Hypertens 34(10):1887–1920. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001039.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zimmet P, Alberti KG, Kaufman F, Tajima N, Silink M, Arslanian S, Wong G, Bennett P, Shaw J, Caprio S, IDF Consensus Group (2007) The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents - an IDF consensus report. Pediatr Diabetes 8(5):299–306

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Araszkiewicz A, Bandurska-Stankiewicz E, Borys S et al (2023) 2023 Guidelines on the management of patients with diabetes - a position of Diabetes Poland. Curr Top Diabetes 3(1):1–133. https://doi.org/10.5114/ctd/160061

Article  Google Scholar 

Gurka MJ, Ice CL, Sun SS, DeBoer MD (2012) A confirmatory factor analysis of the metabolic syndrome in adolescents: an examination of sex and racial/ethnic differences. Cardiovasc Diabetol 11. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23062212/

https://metscalc.org/.

Powell-Wiley TM, Poirier P, Burke LE, Després JP, Gordon-Larsen P, Lavie CJ et al (2021) Obesity and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 143(21):e984. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC8493650/

Andersen LG, Ängquist L, Eriksson JG, Forsen T, Gamborg M, Osmond C et al (2010) Birth weight, childhood body mass index and risk of coronary heart disease in adults: combined historical cohort studies. PLoS ONE 5(11):e14126

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gidding SS, Nehgme R, Heise C, Muscar C, Linton A, Hassink S (2004) Severe obesity associated with cardiovascular deconditioning, high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, diabetes mellitus/hyperinsulinemia, and respiratory compromise. J Pediatr 144(6):766–769

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Norris AL, Steinberger J, Steffen LM, Metzig AM, Schwarzenberg SJ, Kelly AS (2011) Circulating oxidized LDL and inflammation in extreme pediatric obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 19(7):1415–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21331062/

Bass R, Eneli I (2015) Severe childhood obesity: an under-recognised and growing health problem. Postgrad Med J. 91(1081):639–45. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26338983/

Rank M, Siegrist M, Wilks DC, Langhof H, Wolfarth B, Haller B et al (2013) The cardio-metabolic risk of moderate and severe obesity in children and adolescents. J Pediatr 163(1):137–42. Available from: http://www.jpeds.com/article/S0022347613000449/fulltext

Flynn J (2013) The changing face of pediatric hypertension in the era of the childhood obesity epidemic. Pediatr Nephrol 28(7):1059–1066

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nguyen NT, Magno CP, Lane KT, Hinojosa MW, Lane JS (2008) Association of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome with obesity: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 to 2004. J Am Coll Surg 207(6):928–934

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sorof JM, Lai D, Turner J, Poffenbarger T, Portman RJ (2004) Overweight, ethnicity, and the prevalence of hypertension in school-aged children. Pediatrics 113(3):475–482

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Parker ED, Sinaiko AR, Kharbanda EO, Margolis KL, Daley MF, Trower NK et al (2016) Change in weight status and development of hypertension. Pediatrics [Internet]. [cited 2023 Sep 18];137(3). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26908707/

Twig G, Reichman B, Afek A, Derazne E, Hamiel U, Furer A et al (2019) Severe obesity and cardio-metabolic comorbidities: a nationwide study of 2.8 million adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond) [Internet]. [cited 2023 Sep 18];43(7):1391–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30258119/

Rijks JM, Plat J, Mensink RP, Dorenbos E, Buurman WA, Vreugdenhil ACE (2015) Children with morbid obesity benefit equally as children with overweight and obesity from an ongoing care program. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100(9):3572–3580

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Norris AL, Steinberger J, Steffen LM, Metzig AM, Schwarzenberg SJ, Kelly AS (2011) Circulating oxidized LDL and inflammation in extreme pediatric obesity. Obesity 19(7):1415–1419

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kapiotis S, Holzer G, Schaller G, Haumer M, Widhalm H, Weghuber D et al (2006) A proinflammatory state is detectable in obese children and is accompanied by functional and morphological vascular changes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26(11):2541–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16973973/

Skinner AC, Perrin EM, Moss LA, Skelton JA (2015) Cardiometabolic risks and severity of obesity in children and young adults. N Engl J Med 373(14):1307–17. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26422721/

Propst M, Colvin C, Griffin RL, Sunil B, Harmon CM, Yannam G et al (2015) Diabetes and prediabetes are significantly higher in morbidly obese children compared with obese children. Endocr Pract 21(9):1046–53. Available from: http://www.endocrinepractice.org/article/S1530891X20357220/fulltext

Li L, Pérez A, Wu LT, Ranjit N, Brown HS, Kelder SH (2016) Cardiometabolic risk factors among severely obese children and adolescents in the United States, 1999–2012. Child Obes 12(1):12–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26785314/

Cho WK, Han K, Ahn MB, Park YM, Jung MH, Suh BK et al (2018) Metabolic risk factors in Korean adolescents with severe obesity: results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (K-NHANES) 2007–2014. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 138:169. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6221804/pdf/nihms-946992.pdf

Marcus MD, Foster GD, El Ghormli L (2014) Stability of relative weight category and cardiometabolic risk factors among moderately and severely obese middle school youth. Obesity (Silver Spring) 22(4):1118. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3968217/pdf/nihms551090.pdf

Dündar I, Akıncı sehan (2022) Frequency of dyslipidemia and associated risk factors among obese children and adolescents in Turkey. 32(3)

Deeb A, Attia S, Mahmoud S, Elhaj G, Elfatih A (2018) Dyslipidemia and fatty liver disease in overweight and obese children. J Obes 2018:8626818. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30009050/

Brzeziński M, Metelska P, Myśliwiec M, Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz A (2020) Lipid disorders in children living with overweight and obesity- large cohort study from Poland. Lipids Health Dis 19(1). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7076982/pdf/12944_2020_Article_1218.pdf

Nielsen TRH, Lausten-Thomsen U, Fonvig CE, Bøjsøe C, Pedersen L, Bratholm PS et al (2017) Dyslipidemia and reference values for fasting plasma lipid concentrations in Danish/North-European White children and adolescents. BMC Pediatr 17(1):116. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5410076/pdf/12887_2017_Article_868.pdf

Hillier TA, Pedula KL (2001) Characteristics of an adult population with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes The relation of obesity and age of onset. Diabetes Care 24(9):1522–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.24.9.1522

Ek AE, Rössner SM, Hagman E, Marcus C (2015) High prevalence of prediabetes in a Swedish cohort of severely obese children. Pediatr Diabetes 16(2):117–28. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24635861/

Sinha R, Fisch G, Teague B, Tamborlane WV, Banyas B, Allen K et al (2002) Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among children and adolescents with marked obesity. N Engl J Med 346(11):802–810

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

留言 (0)

沒有登入
gif