Carr AS, Cardwell CR, McCarron PO, McConville J. A systematic review of population based epidemiological studies in myasthenia gravis. BMC Neurol. 2010;10:46.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Robertson NP, Deans J, Compston DA. Myasthenia gravis: a population based epidemiological study in Cambridgeshire, England. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;65:492–6.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lehnerer S, Jacobi J, Schilling R, Grittner U, Marbin D, Gerischer L, et al. Burden of disease in myasthenia gravis: taking the patient’s perspective. J Neurol. 2022;269:3050–63.
Rodriguez Cruz PM, Cossins J, Beeson D, Vincent A. The neuromuscular junction in health and disease: molecular mechanisms governing synaptic formation and homeostasis. Front Mol Neurosci. 2020;13:610964.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Borges LS, Richman DP. Muscle-specific kinase myasthenia gravis. Front Immunol. 2020;11:707.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Phillips WD, Vincent A. Pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis: update on disease types, models, and mechanisms. F1000Res. 2016;5:F1000 Faculty Rev-1513.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Huda R. New approaches to targeting B cells for myasthenia gravis therapy. Front Immunol. 2020;11:240.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Levinson AI, Song D, Gaulton G, Zheng Y. The intrathymic pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis. Clin Dev Immunol. 2004;11:215–20.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Alahgholi-Hajibehzad M, Kasapoglu P, Jafari R, Rezaei N. The role of T regulatory cells in immunopathogenesis of myasthenia gravis: implications for therapeutics. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2015;11:859–70.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Gilhus NE, Verschuuren JJ. Myasthenia gravis: subgroup classification and therapeutic strategies. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14:1023–36.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Huijbers MG, Marx A, Plomp JJ, Le Panse R, Phillips WD. Advances in the understanding of disease mechanisms of autoimmune neuromuscular junction disorders. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21:163–75.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Romi F. Thymoma in myasthenia gravis: from diagnosis to treatment. Autoimmune Dis. 2011;2011:474512.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Guptill JT, Sanders DB, Evoli A. Anti-MuSK antibody myasthenia gravis: clinical findings and response to treatment in two large cohorts. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44:36–40.
Leite MI, Jones M, Strobel P, Marx A, Gold R, Niks E, et al. Myasthenia gravis thymus: complement vulnerability of epithelial and myoid cells, complement attack on them, and correlations with autoantibody status. Am J Pathol. 2007;171:893–905.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Elrod RD, Weinberg DA. Ocular myasthenia gravis. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 2004;17:275–309.
Kusner LL, Puwanant A, Kaminski HJ. Ocular myasthenia: diagnosis, treatment, and pathogenesis. Neurologist. 2006;12:231–9.
Chatzistefanou KI, Kouris T, Iliakis E, Piaditis G, Tagaris G, Katsikeris N, et al. The ice pack test in the differential diagnosis of myasthenic diplopia. Ophthalmology. 2009;116:2236–43.
Kaminski HJ, Maas E, Spiegel P, Ruff RL. Why are eye muscles frequently involved in myasthenia gravis? Neurology. 1990;40:1663–9.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Porter JD, Baker RS. Muscles of a different ‘color’: the unusual properties of the extraocular muscles may predispose or protect them in neurogenic and myogenic disease. Neurology. 1996;46:30–7.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Tindall RS. Humoral immunity in myasthenia gravis: clinical correlations of anti-receptor antibody avidity and titer. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1981;377:316–31.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Vincent A, Newsom Davis J. Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1980;43:590–600.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hayashi M, Kida K, Yamada I, Matsuda H, Tsuneishi M, Tamura O. Differences between ocular and generalized myasthenia gravis: binding characteristics of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody against bovine muscles. J Neuroimmunol. 1989;21:227–33.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kaminski HJ, Kusner LL, Nash KV, Ruff RL. The gamma-subunit of the acetylcholine receptor is not expressed in the levator palpebrae superioris. Neurology. 1995;45:516–8.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
MacLennan C, Beeson D, Buijs AM, Vincent A, Newsom-Davis J. Acetylcholine receptor expression in human extraocular muscles and their susceptibility to myasthenia gravis. Ann Neurol. 1997;41:423–31.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Porter JD, Khanna S, Kaminski HJ, Rao JS, Merriam AP, Richmonds CR, et al. Extraocular muscle is defined by a fundamentally distinct gene expression profile. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98:12062–7.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kaminski HJ, Li Z, Richmonds C, Lin F, Medof ME. Complement regulators in extraocular muscle and experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Exp Neurol. 2004;189:333–42.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Yang H, Wu B, Tuzun E, Saini SS, Li J, Allman W, et al. A new mouse model of autoimmune ocular myasthenia gravis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:5101–11.
Evoli A, Iorio R. Controversies in ocular myasthenia gravis. Front Neurol. 2020;11:605902.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Takamori M. Myasthenia gravis: from the viewpoint of pathogenicity focusing on acetylcholine receptor clustering, trans-synaptic homeostasis and synaptic stability. Front Mol Neurosci. 2020;13:86.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Koneczny I, Herbst R. Myasthenia gravis: pathogenic effects of autoantibodies on neuromuscular architecture. Cells. 2019;8:671.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sanders DB, Stalberg EV. AAEM minimonograph #25: single-fiber electromyography. Muscle Nerve. 1996;19:1069–83.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Stalberg E, Trontelj JV. The study of normal and abnormal neuromuscular transmission with single fibre electromyography. J Neurosci Methods. 1997;74:145–54.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ukachoke C, Ashby P, Basinski A, Sharpe JA. Usefulness of single fiber EMG for distinguishing neuromuscular from other causes of ocular muscle weakness. Can J Neurol Sci. 1994;21:125–8.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Trontelj JV, Stalberg E. Single motor end-plates in myasthenia gravis and LEMS at different firing rates. Muscle Nerve. 1991;14:226–32.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Trontelj JV, Stalberg EV. Multiple innervation of muscle fibers in myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 1995;18:224–8.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Narayanaswami P, Sanders DB, Wolfe G, Benatar M, Cea G, Evoli A, et al. International consensus guidance for management of myasthenia gravis: 2020 update. Neurology. 2021;96:114–22.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gajdos P, Chevret S, Toyka K. Plasma exchange for myasthenia gravis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;2002:CD002275.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bershad EM, Feen ES, Suarez JI. Myasthenia gravis crisis. South Med J. 2008;101:63–9.
留言 (0)