Treating myasthenia gravis beyond the eye clinic

Carr AS, Cardwell CR, McCarron PO, McConville J. A systematic review of population based epidemiological studies in myasthenia gravis. BMC Neurol. 2010;10:46.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Robertson NP, Deans J, Compston DA. Myasthenia gravis: a population based epidemiological study in Cambridgeshire, England. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;65:492–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lehnerer S, Jacobi J, Schilling R, Grittner U, Marbin D, Gerischer L, et al. Burden of disease in myasthenia gravis: taking the patient’s perspective. J Neurol. 2022;269:3050–63.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rodriguez Cruz PM, Cossins J, Beeson D, Vincent A. The neuromuscular junction in health and disease: molecular mechanisms governing synaptic formation and homeostasis. Front Mol Neurosci. 2020;13:610964.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Borges LS, Richman DP. Muscle-specific kinase myasthenia gravis. Front Immunol. 2020;11:707.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Phillips WD, Vincent A. Pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis: update on disease types, models, and mechanisms. F1000Res. 2016;5:F1000 Faculty Rev-1513.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huda R. New approaches to targeting B cells for myasthenia gravis therapy. Front Immunol. 2020;11:240.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Levinson AI, Song D, Gaulton G, Zheng Y. The intrathymic pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis. Clin Dev Immunol. 2004;11:215–20.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alahgholi-Hajibehzad M, Kasapoglu P, Jafari R, Rezaei N. The role of T regulatory cells in immunopathogenesis of myasthenia gravis: implications for therapeutics. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2015;11:859–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gilhus NE, Verschuuren JJ. Myasthenia gravis: subgroup classification and therapeutic strategies. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14:1023–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huijbers MG, Marx A, Plomp JJ, Le Panse R, Phillips WD. Advances in the understanding of disease mechanisms of autoimmune neuromuscular junction disorders. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21:163–75.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Romi F. Thymoma in myasthenia gravis: from diagnosis to treatment. Autoimmune Dis. 2011;2011:474512.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guptill JT, Sanders DB, Evoli A. Anti-MuSK antibody myasthenia gravis: clinical findings and response to treatment in two large cohorts. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44:36–40.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leite MI, Jones M, Strobel P, Marx A, Gold R, Niks E, et al. Myasthenia gravis thymus: complement vulnerability of epithelial and myoid cells, complement attack on them, and correlations with autoantibody status. Am J Pathol. 2007;171:893–905.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Elrod RD, Weinberg DA. Ocular myasthenia gravis. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 2004;17:275–309.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kusner LL, Puwanant A, Kaminski HJ. Ocular myasthenia: diagnosis, treatment, and pathogenesis. Neurologist. 2006;12:231–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chatzistefanou KI, Kouris T, Iliakis E, Piaditis G, Tagaris G, Katsikeris N, et al. The ice pack test in the differential diagnosis of myasthenic diplopia. Ophthalmology. 2009;116:2236–43.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaminski HJ, Maas E, Spiegel P, Ruff RL. Why are eye muscles frequently involved in myasthenia gravis? Neurology. 1990;40:1663–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Porter JD, Baker RS. Muscles of a different ‘color’: the unusual properties of the extraocular muscles may predispose or protect them in neurogenic and myogenic disease. Neurology. 1996;46:30–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tindall RS. Humoral immunity in myasthenia gravis: clinical correlations of anti-receptor antibody avidity and titer. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1981;377:316–31.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vincent A, Newsom Davis J. Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1980;43:590–600.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hayashi M, Kida K, Yamada I, Matsuda H, Tsuneishi M, Tamura O. Differences between ocular and generalized myasthenia gravis: binding characteristics of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody against bovine muscles. J Neuroimmunol. 1989;21:227–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaminski HJ, Kusner LL, Nash KV, Ruff RL. The gamma-subunit of the acetylcholine receptor is not expressed in the levator palpebrae superioris. Neurology. 1995;45:516–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

MacLennan C, Beeson D, Buijs AM, Vincent A, Newsom-Davis J. Acetylcholine receptor expression in human extraocular muscles and their susceptibility to myasthenia gravis. Ann Neurol. 1997;41:423–31.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Porter JD, Khanna S, Kaminski HJ, Rao JS, Merriam AP, Richmonds CR, et al. Extraocular muscle is defined by a fundamentally distinct gene expression profile. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98:12062–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kaminski HJ, Li Z, Richmonds C, Lin F, Medof ME. Complement regulators in extraocular muscle and experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Exp Neurol. 2004;189:333–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang H, Wu B, Tuzun E, Saini SS, Li J, Allman W, et al. A new mouse model of autoimmune ocular myasthenia gravis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:5101–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Evoli A, Iorio R. Controversies in ocular myasthenia gravis. Front Neurol. 2020;11:605902.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Takamori M. Myasthenia gravis: from the viewpoint of pathogenicity focusing on acetylcholine receptor clustering, trans-synaptic homeostasis and synaptic stability. Front Mol Neurosci. 2020;13:86.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Koneczny I, Herbst R. Myasthenia gravis: pathogenic effects of autoantibodies on neuromuscular architecture. Cells. 2019;8:671.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sanders DB, Stalberg EV. AAEM minimonograph #25: single-fiber electromyography. Muscle Nerve. 1996;19:1069–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stalberg E, Trontelj JV. The study of normal and abnormal neuromuscular transmission with single fibre electromyography. J Neurosci Methods. 1997;74:145–54.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ukachoke C, Ashby P, Basinski A, Sharpe JA. Usefulness of single fiber EMG for distinguishing neuromuscular from other causes of ocular muscle weakness. Can J Neurol Sci. 1994;21:125–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Trontelj JV, Stalberg E. Single motor end-plates in myasthenia gravis and LEMS at different firing rates. Muscle Nerve. 1991;14:226–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Trontelj JV, Stalberg EV. Multiple innervation of muscle fibers in myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 1995;18:224–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Narayanaswami P, Sanders DB, Wolfe G, Benatar M, Cea G, Evoli A, et al. International consensus guidance for management of myasthenia gravis: 2020 update. Neurology. 2021;96:114–22.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gajdos P, Chevret S, Toyka K. Plasma exchange for myasthenia gravis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;2002:CD002275.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bershad EM, Feen ES, Suarez JI. Myasthenia gravis crisis. South Med J. 2008;101:63–9.

Article 

留言 (0)

沒有登入
gif