An inclusive workplace is where everyone is supported to thrive and succeed regardless of their background. Supportive working conditions and general self-efficacy have been found to be important for nurses' perceived competence and well-being at work, however, in the context of being a nurse in a new country, research is limited. Moreover, knowledge is lacking about whether different paths to a nursing license are related to nurses' perceived competence and well-being when working.

To examine determinants and experiences of nursing competence and well-being at work (thriving and stress) among internationally and domestically educated nurses.

Design: A longitudinal descriptive and correlational design with a mixed-methods convergent approach was used.

A longitudinal study was conducted between January 2019 and June 2022 with two groups of internationally educated nurses who had completed a bridging program or validation to obtain a Swedish nursing license and one group of domestically newly educated nurses. Data were collected on three occasions: Time1 at the end of the nursing licensure process (n = 402), Time2 after three months (n = 188), and Time3 after 12 months (n = 195). At Time3, 14 internationally educated nurses were also interviewed. Data were analyzed separately and then interpreted together.

Multiple regressions models showed that greater access to structural empowerment (B = 0.70, 95%CI[0.31;1.08]), better cooperation (B = 3.76, 95%CI[1.44;6.08]), and less criticism (B = 3.63, 95%CI[1.29;5.96]) were associated with higher self-rated competence at Time3, whereas the variable path to a nursing license was non-significant (R2 = 49.2 %). For well-being, greater access to structural empowerment (B = 0.07, 95%CI[0.02;0.12]), better cooperation (B = 0.36, 95%CI[0.07;0.66]) and being domestically educated (B = 0.53, 95%CI [0.14;0.92]) were associated with higher thriving at work (R2 = 25.8 %). For stress, greater access to structural empowerment (B = -0.06, 95%CI[− 0.09;-0.02]), better cooperation (B = -0.30, 95%CI[− 0.51;-0.10]), and less criticism (B = -0.28, 95%CI[− 0.46;-0.05]) were associated with having symptoms less frequently while being domestically educated was associated with having stress symptoms more often (B = 0.44, 95%CI[0.07;0.81]) (R2 = 43.3 %). Higher general self-efficacy at Time1 was associated with higher self-rated competence at Time2 (B = 4.76, 95%CI[1.94;7.59]). Quantitative findings concurred with findings from interviews with internationally educated nurses. However, qualitative findings also highlighted the importance of previous education, working experience, the new context, and communication abilities.

Both quantitative and qualitative data showed that working conditions were important for nurses' self-rated competence and well-being at work. Although communication difficulties, previous education, and working experience were not statistically significant in the multiple regression models, in the interviews these factors emerged as important for internationally educated nurses' competence and well-being.