Kayambankadzanja RK, Schell CO, Wärnberg MG, et al. Towards definitions of critical illness and critical care using concept analysis. Bmj Open. 2022;12:e60972.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Calvo Herranz E, Mozo MMT, Gordo VF. Introduction of a management system in intensive care medicine based on the safety of the seriously ill patient during the entire hospitalization process: extended intensive care medicine. Med Intensiva. 2011;35(6):354–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bircher NG, Chan PS, Xu Y, American Heart Association. Delays in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Defibrillation, and Epinephrine Administration All Decrease Survival in In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Anesthesiology. 2019;130(3):414–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Igarashi Y, Norii T, Sung-Ho K, et al. Airway obstruction time and outcomes in patients with foreign body airway obstruction: multicenter observational choking investigation. Acute Med Surg. 2022;9(1):e741.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Atkinson JL, Anderson RE, Murray MJ, et al. The early critical phase of severe head injury: importance of apnea and dysfunctional respiration. J Trauma. 1998;45(5:941–5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Rossaint R, Afshari A, Buillon B, et al. The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: sixth edition. Crit Care. 2023;27(1):80.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Terkelsen CJ, Sorensen JT, Maeng M, et al. System delay and mortality among patients with STEMI treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. JAMA. 2010;304(7):763–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yafasova A, Fosbol EL, Johnsen SP, et al. Time to Thrombolysis and Long-Term Outcomes in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Nationwide Study. Stroke. 2021;52(5:1724–32.

Article  Google Scholar 

De Pascale G, Antonelli M, Deschepper M, et al. Poor timing and failure of source control are risk factors for mortality in critically ill patinets with secondary peritonitis. Intensive Care Med. 2022;48(11):1593–606.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Seymour CW, Gesten F, Prescott HC, et al. Time to Treatment and Mortality during Mandated Emergency Care for Sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(23):2235–44.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marshall JC, Bosco L, Adhikari NK, et al. What is an intensive care unit? A report of the task force of the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine. J Crit Care. 2017;37:270–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Young MP, Gooder VJ, McBride K, James B, Fisher ES. Inpatient Transfers to the Intensive Care Unit: Delays Are Associated With Increased Mortality and Morbidity. J Gen Intern Med. 2003;18:77–83.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mohr NM, Wessman BT, Bassin B, et al. Boarding of Critically Ill Patients in the Emergency Department. Crit Care Med. 2020;48(8):1180–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Al-Qahtani S, Alsultan A, Haddad S, et al. The association of duration of boarding in the emergency room and the outcome of patients admitted to the intensive care unit. BMC Emerg Med. 2017;17:34.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stretch R, Penna DN, Celi LA, Landon BE. Effect of Boarding on Mortality in ICUs. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(4):525–31.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hung SC, Kung CT, Hung CW, et al. Determining delayed admission to the intensive care unit for mechanically ventilated patients in the emergency department. Crit Care. 2014;18:485.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shibata J, Osawa I, Fukuchi K, Goto T. The Association Between Time From Emergency Department Visit to ICU Admission and Mortality in Patients with Sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2023;5(5):e915.

Google Scholar 

Restrepo MI, Mortensen EM, Rello J, Brody J, Anzueto A. Late Admission to the ICU in Patients With Community-Acquired Pneumonia Is Associated With Higher Mortality. Chest. 2010;137(3):552–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mathews KS, Durst MS, Vargas-Torres C, Olson AD, Mazumdar M, Richardson LD. Effect of Emergency Department and ICU Occupancy on Admission Decisions and Outcomes for Critically Ill Patients. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(5):720–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chalfin DB, Trzeciak S, Likourezos A, Baumann BM, Dellinger RP; DELAY-ED study group. Impact of delayed transfer of critically ill patients from the emergency department to the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(6):1477–83.

Cardoso LTQ, Grion CMC, Matsuo T, et al. Impact of delayed admission to intensive care units on mortality of critically ill patients: a cohort study. Crit Care. 2011;15:R28.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Intas G, Stergiannis P, Chalari E, Tsoumakas K, Fildissis G. The impact of ED boarding time, severity of illness, and discharge destination and outcomes of critically ill ED patients. Adv Emerg Nurs J. 2012;34(2):164–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Churpek MM, Wendlandt B, Zadravecz FJ, Adhikari R, Winslow C, Edelson DP. Association Between ICU Transfer Delay and Hospital Mortality: A Multicenter. Investig J Hops Med. 2016;11(11):757–62.

Google Scholar 

Kiekkas P, Tzenalis A, Gklava V, Stefanopoulos N, Voyagis G, Aretha D. Delayed Admission to the Intensive Care Unit and Mortality of Critically Ill Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Biomed Res Int. 2022;2022:4083494.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Santos AC, de Oliveria SLF, Macedo VLM, et al. Intensive Care Unit prioritization: The Impact of ICU bed availability on mortality in critically ill patients who requested ICU admission in court in a Brazilian cohort. J Crit Care. 2021;66:126–31.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sinuff T, Kahnamoui K, Cook DJ, Luce JM, Levy MM, Values Ethics and Rationing in Critical Care Task Force. Rationing critical care beds. a systematic review. Crit Care Med. 2004;32(7):1588–97.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harris S, Singer M, Sanderson C, Grieve R, Harrison D, Rowan K. Impact on mortality of prompt admission to critical care for deteriorating ward patients: an instrumental variable analysis using critical care bed strain. Intensive Care Med. 2018;44(5):606–15.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bihari S, McElduff P, Pearse J, Cho O, Pilcher D. Intensive care unit strain and mortality risk in patients admitted from the ward in Australia and New Zealand. J Crit Care. 2022;68:136–40.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cecconi M, Spies CD, Moreno R. Economic sustainability of intensive care in Europe. Intensive Care Med. 2024;50(1):136–40.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vincent JL, Boulanger C, van Mol MMC, Hawryluck L, Azoulay E. Ten areas for ICU clinicians to be aware of to help retain nurses in the ICU. Crit Care. 2022;26(1):310.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Subbe C. Recognition and assessment of critical illness. Anaesth Intensive Care Med. 2007;8(1):21–3.

Article  Google Scholar 

Brown A, Ballal A, Al-Haddad M. Recognition of the critically ill patient and escalation of therapy. Anaesth Intensive Care Med. 2021;22(11):671–5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Goel NN, Durst MS, Vargas-Torres C, Richardson LD, Mathews KS. Predictors of Delayed Recognition of Critical Illness in Emergency Department Patients and Its Effect on Morbidity and Mortality. J Intensive Care Med. 2022;37(1):52–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Van Galen LS, Struik PW, Driesen BE, et al. Delayed Recognition of Deterioration of Patients in General Wards Is Mostly Caused by Human Related Monitoring Failures: A Root Cause Analysis of Unplanned ICU Admissions. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(8):e161393.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Machado FR, Salomao R, Rigato O, et al. Late recognition and illness severity are determinants of early death in severe septic patients. Clin (sao Paulo). 2013;68(5):586–91.

Article  Google Scholar 

Green RS, MacIntyre JK. Critical care in the emergency department: an assessment of the length of stay and invasive procedures performed on critically ill ED patients. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2009;17:47.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tobin MJ. Why Physiology Is Critical to the Practice of Medicine: A 40-year Personal Perspective. Clin Chest Med. 2019;40(2):243–57.

Steinkellner C, Schlömmer C, Dünser M. Medical history taking and clinical examination in emergency and intensive care medicine. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed. 2020;115(7):530–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Safar P. Critical care medicine – quo vadis? Crit Care Med. 1974;2(1):1–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Laggner AN, Department E. The Closing Link in the Chain of Survival. In: Vincent JL, editor. Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency. Springer, Vol. 1993. Berlin, Heidelberg: Medicine; 1993. pp. 641–6.

Google Scholar 

Hillman K. Critical care without walls. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2002;8(6):594–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ostermann M, Vincent JL. ICU without borders. Crit Care. 2023;27:186.