WHO. Floods [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Nov 8]. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/floods/#tab=tab_1

Tabari H. Climate change impact on flood and extreme precipitation increases with water availability. Sci Rep. 2022;10(1):1–10.

Google Scholar 

López RE, Thomas V, Troncoso P. Climate change and natural disasters. Working Papers, University of Chile, Department of Economics; 2015. https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:udc:wpaper:wp414.

Brown L, Murray V. Examining the relationship between infectious diseases and flooding in Europe: a systematic literature review and summary of possible public health interventions. Disaster Health. 2013;1(2):117–27.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lau CL, Smythe LD, Craig SB, Weinstein P. Climate change, flooding, urbanisation and leptospirosis: fuelling the fire? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2010;104(10):631–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2010.07.002.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Naing C, Reid SA, Aye SN, Htet NH, Ambu S. Risk factors for human leptospirosis following flooding: a meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(5):e0217643. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217643.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chadsuthi S, Chalvet-Monfray K, Wiratsudakul A, Modchang C. The effects of flooding and weather conditions on leptospirosis transmission in Thailand. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):1–12.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mohd Radi MF, Hashim JH, Jaafar MH, Hod R, Ahmad N, Nawi AM, et al. Leptospirosis outbreak after the 2014 major flooding event in Kelantan, Malaysia: a spatial-temporal analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;98(5):1281–95.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Torgerson PR, Hagan JE, Costa F, Calcagno J, Kane M, Martinez-Silveira MS, et al. Global burden of leptospirosis: estimated in terms of disability adjusted life years. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(10): e0004122. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004122.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lau CL, Townell N, Stephenson E, van den Berg D, Craig SB. Leptospirosis: an important zoonosis acquired through work, play and travel. Aust J Gen Pract. 2018;47(3):105–10.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smith S, Kennedy BJ, Dermedgoglou A, Poulgrain SS, Paavola MP, Minto TL, et al. A simple score to predict severe leptospirosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(2): e0007205. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007205.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Goarant C. Leptospirosis: risk factors and management challenges in developing countries. Res Rep Trop Med. 2016;7:49.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sykes JE, Reagan KL, Nally JE, Galloway RL, Haake DA. Role of diagnostics in epidemiology, management, surveillance, and control of leptospirosis. Pathogens. 2022;11(4):395.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wasiński B, Dutkiewicz J. Leptospirosis-current risk factors connected with human activity and the environment. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2013;20(2):239–44.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cruz LS, Vargas R, Lopes AA. Leptospirosis: a worldwide resurgent zoonosis and important cause of acute renal failure and death in developing nations. Ethn Dis. 2009;19(1 Suppl 1):S1-37.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

RSTMH. Leptospirosis in India: a forgotten tropical disease. 2021. Available from: https://rstmh.org/news-blog/blogs/leptospirosis-in-india-a-forgotten-tropical-disease.

Cucchi K, Liu R, Collender PA, Cheng Q, Li C, Hoover CM, et al. Hydroclimatic drivers of highly seasonal leptospirosis incidence suggest prominent soil reservoir of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in rural western China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(12): e0007968. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007968.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chadsuthi S, Chalvet-Monfray K, Geawduanglek S, Wongnak P, Cappelle J. Spatial–temporal patterns and risk factors for human leptospirosis in Thailand, 2012–2018. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):1–11.

Article  Google Scholar 

Dhewantara PW, Lau CL, Allan KJ, Hu W, Zhang W, Mamun AA, et al. Spatial epidemiological approaches to inform leptospirosis surveillance and control: a systematic review and critical appraisal of methods. Zoonoses Public Health. 2019;66(2):185–206.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Warnasekara J, Agampodi S, Rupika AR. Time series models for prediction of leptospirosis in different climate zones in Sri Lanka. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(5): e0248032. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248032.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Suwanpakdee S, Kaewkungwal J, White LJ, Asensio N, Ratanakorn P, Singhasivanon P, et al. Spatio-temporal patterns of leptospirosis in Thailand: is flooding a risk factor? Epidemiol Infect. 2015;143(10):2106–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kamel Boulos MN, Wilson JP. Geospatial techniques for monitoring and mitigating climate change and its effects on human health. Int J Health Geogr. 2023;22(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-023-00324-9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Shaji KA. thewire.in. 2019. Is Climate Change Making Floods an Annual Affair in Kerala? Available from: https://thewire.in/environment/floods-in-kerala-experts-point-to-climate-change.

Central Water Commission. Kerala floods of 2018. 2018.

Vijaykumar P, Abhilash S, Sreenath AV, Athira UN, Mohanakumar K, Mapes BE, et al. Kerala floods in consecutive years—its association with mesoscale cloudburst and structural changes in monsoon clouds over the west coast of India. Weather Clim Extrem. 2021;1(33): 100339.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kuriakose M, Eapen CK, Punnoose E, Koshi G. Leptospirosis—clinical spectrum and correlation with seven simple laboratory tests for early diagnosis in the Third World. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990;84(3):419–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(90)90343-D.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

James S, Sathian B, van Teijlingen E, Asim M. Outbreak of Leptospirosis in Kerala, Nepal. J Epidemiol. 2018;8(4):745.

Google Scholar 

James S, Sathian B, Van Teijlingen E, Asim M. Outbreak of Leptospirosis in Kerala. 2018. Available from: https://idsp.nic.in/index.php

DHS. Data on Communicable Diseases. 2019. Available from: https://dhs.kerala.gov.in/data-on-communicable-diseases/

Government of India. Census of India 2011, National Population Register & Socio Economic and Caste Census. 2011. Available from: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42619#metadata-description

DPO. District Profile. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20160808051648/http://www.spb.kerala.gov.in/index.php/district-profile-pathanamthitta

Govt. of Kerala. Kerala Floods 2018. 1st August to 30th August 2018. Additional Memorandum. 2018.

Govt. of Kerala. Memorandum|Kerala. 2019.

PAHO. Norms and Standards in Epidemiology: Epidemiological Calendar 2000. 1999. https://www3.paho.org/english/sha/be993calend.htm

Glas V. Application of the fast flood simulation model for local risk-informed decision-making on flood risk reduction : a case study of Pamba Basin, Kerala India. 2023. Available from: http://essay.utwente.nl/97911/.

Jiao D, Xu N, Yang F, Xu K. Evaluation of spatial-temporal variation performance of ERA5 precipitation data in China. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):1–13.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lavers DA, Simmons A, Vamborg F, Rodwell MJ. An evaluation of ERA5 precipitation for climate monitoring. Quart J R Meteorolog Soc. 2022;148(748):3152–65. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4351.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jiang Q, Li W, Fan Z, He X, Sun W, Chen S, et al. Evaluation of the ERA5 reanalysis precipitation dataset over Chinese Mainland. J Hydrol (Amst). 2021;1(595): 125660.

Article  Google Scholar 

Schober P, Schwarte LA. Correlation coefficients: appropriate use and interpretation. Anesth Analog. 2018;126(5):1763–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

ESRI. Fill Missing Values (Space Time Pattern Mining)—ArcGIS Pro|Documentation. Available from: https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/tool-reference/space-time-pattern-mining/fillmissingvalues.htm.

Tiecke TG, Liu X, Zhang A, Gros A, Li N, Yetman G, et al. Mapping the world population one building at a time. Mapping the World Population One Building at a Time. 2017. Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.05839v1.

Hierink F, Margutti J, van den Homberg M, Ray N. Constructing and validating a transferable epidemic risk index in data scarce environments using open data: a case study for dengue in the Philippines. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022;16(2): e0009262. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009262.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Walter N, Stockman J, Odeph C, Butler B. Using meta’s relative wealth index and high resolution population density data to help expand electricity access in Uganda. 2023. Available from: https://www.wri.org/update/using-metas-relative-wealth-index-and-high-resolution-population-density-data-help-expand.

Lusseau D, Baillie R. Disparities in greenspace access during COVID-19 mobility restrictions. Environ Res. 2023;15(225): 115551.

Article  Google Scholar 

Anselin L. Local indicators of spatial association—LISA. Geogr Anal. 1995;27(2):93–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mehrishi P, Kundu A, Thakur IS. An appraisal of Kerala flood—2019. J Indian Soc Remote Sens. 2022;50(8):1563–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-022-01544-5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sarkar J, Chopra A, Katageri B, Raj H, Goel A. Leptospirosis: a re-emerging infection. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2012;5(6):500–2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mohd Hanapi IR, Sahimin N, Maackara MJB, Annisa AS, Abdul Mutalib RNS, Lewis JW, et al. Prevalence of anti-Leptospira antibodies and associated risk factors in the Malaysian refugee communities. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):1–11.

Article  Google Scholar 

Costa F, Hagan JE, Calcagno J, Kane M, Torgerson P, Martinez-Silveira MS, et al. Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(9): e0003898.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wynwood SJ, Graham GC, Weier SL, Collet TA, McKay DB, Craig SB. Leptospirosis from water sources. Pathog Glob Health. 2014;108(7):334.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Van Den Bout B, Jetten VG, Van Westen CJ, Lombardo L. A breakthrough in fast flood simulation. Environ Model Softw. 2023;168: 105787.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mangukiya NK, Sharma A. Flood risk mapping for the lower Narmada basin in India: a machine learning and IoT-based framework. Nat Hazards. 2022;113(2):1285–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05347-2.