Mazzoleni S, De Stefani A, Bordin C, Balasso P, Bruno G, Gracco A. Dental water jet efficacy in the plaque control of orthodontic patients wearing fixed appliance: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Experimental Dentistry. 2019;11(11):e957.

Google Scholar 

Ristic M, Svabic MV, Sasic M, Zelic O. Clinical and microbiological effects of fixed orthodontic appliances on periodontal tissues in adolescents. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2007;10(4):187–95.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Klukowska M, Bader A, Erbe C, Bellamy P, White DJ, Anastasia MK, Wehrbein H. Plaque levels of patients with fixed orthodontic appliances measured by digital plaque image analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2011;139(5):e463–70.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bollen A-M, Cunha-Cruz J, Bakko DW, Huang GJ, Hujoel PP. The effects of orthodontic therapy on periodontal health: a systematic review of controlled evidence. J Am Dent Association. 2008;139(4):413–22.

Article  Google Scholar 

Atassi F, Awartani F. Oral hygiene status among orthodontic patients. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2010;11(4):25–32.

Article  Google Scholar 

Francis PG, Parayaruthottam P, Antony V, Ummar F, Shaloob KMM, Hassan KJ. A comparative assessment of the effect of professional oral hygiene measures on the periodontal health of patients undergoing fixed orthodontic appliance therapy. J Indian Orthodontic Soc. 2019;53:43–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kozak U, Sękowska A, Chałas R. The effect of regime oral-hygiene intervention on the incidence of new white spot lesions in teenagers treated with fixed orthodontic appliances. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:9460.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thanetchaloempong W, Koontongkaew S, Utispan K. Fixed orthodontic treatment increases cariogenicity and virulence gene expression in dental biofilm. J Clin Med. 2022;11:5860.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mulimani P, Popowics T. Effect of orthodontic appliances on the oral environment and microbiome. Front Dent Med. 2022;3:924835.

Article  Google Scholar 

Skilbeck MG, Mei L, Mohammed H, Cannon RD, Farella M. The effect of ligation methods on biofilm formation in patients undergoing multi-bracketed fixed orthodontic therapy—A systematic review. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2021;25:14–30.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Skilbeck MG, et al. The effect of ligation methods on biofilm formation in patients undergoing multi-bracketed fixed orthodontic therapy–A systematic review. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2022;25(1):14–30.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’reilly M, Featherstone J. Demineralization and remineralization around orthodontic appliances: an in vivo study. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1987;92(1):33–40.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sim H-Y, Kim H-S, Jung D-U, Lee H, Lee J-W, Han K, Yun K-I. Association between orthodontic treatment and periodontal diseases: results from a national survey. Angle Orthod. 2017;87(5):651–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Christou V, Timmerman MF, Van der Velden U, Van der Weijden FA. Comparison of different approaches of interdental oral hygiene: interdental brushes versus dental floss. J Periodontol. 1998;69(7):759–64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kozak U, Lasota A, Chałas R. Changes in distribution of dental biofilm after insertion of fixed orthodontic appliances. J Clin Med. 2021;10(23):5638.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Contaldo M, Lucchese A, Lajolo C, Rupe C, Di Stasio D, Romano A, Petruzzi M, Serpico R. The oral microbiota changes in Orthodontic patients and effects on oral health: an overview. J Clin Med. 2021;10:780.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Farook FF, Alrumi A, Aldalaan K, Ababneh K, Alshammari A, Al-Khamees AA, Albalawi F. The efficacy of manual toothbrushes in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Oral Health. 2023;23(1):1–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Naqvi ZA, Almehrej BA, Alrabeeah MA, Alshahrani MA. Comparison of manual orthodontic, powered and sonic tooth brushes in patients undergoing fixed orthodontics. Eur J Mol Clin Med. 2020;7:117–22.

Google Scholar 

El Shehaby M, Mofti B, Montasser MA, Bearn D. Powered vs manual tooth brushing in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2020;158:639–49.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mylonopouloua M, Pepelassib E, Madianosb P, Halazonetisa DJ. A randomized, 3-month, parallel-group clinical trial to compare the efficacy of electric 3-dimensional toothbrushes vs manual toothbrushes in maintaining oral health in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2021;160:648–58.

Article  Google Scholar 

Saengphen T, Koontongkaew S, Utispan K. Effectiveness of a combined toothbrushing technique on Cariogenic Dental Biofilm in Relation to Stainless Steel and Elastomeric Ligatures in Orthodontic patients: a Randomized Clinical Trial. Healthcare. Volume 11. No. 5. MDPI; 2023.

Gomes LK, Sarmento CF, Seabra FR, Santos PB, Pinheiro FH. Randomized clinical controlled trial on the effectiveness ofconventional and orthodontic manual toothbrushes. Braz Oral Res. 2012:ul-Aug;26(4):360-5. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1806-83242012000400013. PMID: 22790501.

Bhatia N, Ahluwalia R, Grewal S, Bisht D. Effect of modified bass brushing technique and habitual brushing on the carriage of oral microbes in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances-A comparative study. Eur J Pharm Med Res. 2019;6:418–27.

Google Scholar 

Walsh LJ, Healey DL. Prevention and caries risk management in teenage and orthodontic patients. Aust Dent J. 2019;64:S37–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saengphen T, Koontongkaew S, Utispan K. Reduction of dental biofilm cariogenicity in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances by a combined horizontal-charters-modified Bass brushing technique and dietary advice: a randomized clinical trial. (2022).

An J-S, Lim B-S, Sug-Joon Ahn. Managing oral biofilms to avoid enamel demineralization during fixed orthodontic treatment. Korean J Orthod. 2023;53(6):345.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sharma NC, Lyle DM, Qaqish JG, Galustians J, Schuller R. Effect of a dental water jet with orthodontic tip on plaque and bleeding in adolescent patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2008;133(4):565–71.

Article  Google Scholar 

Tyler D, Kang J, Goh HH. Effectiveness of Waterpik® for oral hygiene maintenance in orthodontic fixed appliance patients: a randomised controlled trial. J Orthodont 2023:14653125231173708.

Abdellatif H, Alnaeimi N, Alruwais H, Aldajan R, Hebbal MI. Comparison between water flosser and regular floss in the efficacy of plaque removal in patients after single use. Saudi Dent J. 2021;33(5):256–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Boyd R, Leggott P, Quinn R, Eakle W, Chambers D. Periodontal implications of orthodontic treatment in adults with reduced or normal periodontal tissues versus those of adolescents. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1989;96(3):191–8.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Alstad S, Zachrisson BU. Longitudinal study of periodontal condition associated with orthodontic treatment in adolescents. Am J Orthod. 1979;76(3):277–86.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Freitas AO, Marquezan M, Nojima MDCG, Alviano DS, Maia LC. The influence of orthodontic fixed appliances on the oral microbiota: a systematic review. Dent Press J Orthod. 2014;19:46–55.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kwon TH, Lamster IB, Levin L. Curr Concepts Manage Periodontitis Int Dent J. 2021;71(6):462–76.

Google Scholar 

Mancinelli-Lyle D, et al. Efficacy of water flossing on clinical parameters of inflammation and plaque: a 4‐week randomized controlled trial. Int J Dental Hygiene. 2023;21(4):659–68.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jahn CA. The dental water jet: a historical review of the literature. Am Dent Hygienists’ Association. 2010;84(3):114–20.

Google Scholar 

Goyal CR, Qaqish JG, Schuller R, Lyle DM. Evaluation of the addition of a Water Flosser to Manual brushing on Gingival Health. J Clin Dent. 2018;29(4):81–6.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lang NP, Lindhe J. Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry. 2 ed. Volume Set: Wiley; 2015.

Google Scholar 

Pretty I, Edgar W, Smith P, Higham S. Quantification of dental plaque in the research environment. J Dent. 2005;33(3):193–207.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Löe H, Silness J. Periodontal disease in pregnancy I. Prevalence and severity. Acta Odontol Scand. 1963;21(6):533–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barnes CM, Russell CM, Reinhardt RA, Payne JB, Lyle DM. Comparison of irrigation to floss as an adjunct to tooth brushing: effect on bleeding, gingivitis, and supragingival plaque. J Clin Dentistry. 2005;16(3):71.

Google Scholar 

Preda C, Butera A, Pelle S, et al. The efficacy of powered oscillating heads vs. powered sonic action heads toothbrushes to maintain periodontal and peri-implant health: a narrative review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):1468. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041468.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mwatha A, Olson M, Souza S, et al. Gingival health and plaque regrowth response following a four-week interdental hygiene intervention. J Clin Dentistry. 2017;28:A36–44.

Google Scholar 

Le Fouler A, Sylvie Jeanne S, Olivier Sorel O, Brezulier D. How effective are three methods of teaching oral hygiene for adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment? The MAHO protocol: an RCT comparing visual, auditory and kinesthetic methods. Trials. 2021;15:144.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bergkulla N, Hänninen H, Alanko O, Tuonmisto M, Miettinen A, Svedstrom-Oristo AL. Introduction and assessment of orthognathic information clinic. Eur J Orthod. 2017;39:660–4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

AlMoharib HS, AlAskar MH, AlShabib AN, Almadhoon HW, AlMohareb TS. The effectiveness of dental water jet in reducing dental plaque and gingival bleeding in orthodontic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials [published online ahead of print, 2023 Sep 11]. Int J Dent Hyg. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1111/idh.12741.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ainamo J, Bay I. Problems and proposals for recording gingivitis and plaque. Int Dent J. 1975;25(4):229–35.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Löe H. The Gingival Index, the Plaque Index and the Retention Index systems. J Periodontol. 1967;38(6):Suppl.

Article  Google Scholar