Flaxman SR, Bourne RRA, Resnikoff S et al (2017) Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990–2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 5:e1221–e1234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30393-5

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Whitcher JP, Srinivasan M (1997) Corneal ulceration in the developing world–a silent epidemic. Br J Ophthalmol 81:622–623. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.81.8.622

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Whitcher JP, Srinivasan M, Upadhyay MP (2002) Prevention of corneal ulceration in the developing world. Int Ophthalmol Clin 42:71–77. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004397-200201000-00010

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Whitcher JP, Srinivasan M, Upadhyay MP (2001) Corneal blindness: a global perspective. Bull World Health Organ 79:214–221

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rathi VM, Thokala P, MacNeil S et al (2022) Early treatment of corneal abrasions and ulcers–estimating clinical and economic outcomes. Lancet Reg Health—Southeast Asia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lansea.2022.100038

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prajna NV, Krishnan T, Rajaraman R et al (2016) Effect of oral voriconazole on fungal keratitis in the mycotic ulcer treatment trial II (MUTT II): a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol 134:1365–1372. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.4096

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jones DB (1981) Decision-making in the management of microbial keratitis. Ophthalmology 88:814–820. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(81)34943-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bharathi MJ, Ramakrishnan R, Meenakshi R et al (2006) Microbiological diagnosis of infective keratitis: comparative evaluation of direct microscopy and culture results. Br J Ophthalmol 90:1271–1276. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2006.096230

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gopinathan U, Sharma S, Garg P, Rao GN (2009) Review of epidemiological features, microbiological diagnosis and treatment outcome of microbial keratitis: experience of over a decade. Indian J Ophthalmol 57:273–279. https://doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.53051

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dalmon C, Porco TC, Lietman TM et al (2012) The clinical differentiation of bacterial and fungal keratitis: a photographic survey. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 53:1787–1791. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.11-8478

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McDonnell PJ, Nobe J, Gauderman WJ et al (1992) Community care of corneal ulcers. Am J Ophthalmol 114:531–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(14)74479-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hoffman JJ, Yadav R, Sanyam SD et al (2022) Microbial keratitis in Nepal: predicting the microbial aetiology from clinical features. J Fungi (Basel) 8:201. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8020201

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khor W-B, Prajna VN, Garg P et al (2018) The Asia cornea society infectious keratitis study: a prospective multicenter study of infectious keratitis in Asia. Am J Ophthalmol 195:161–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2018.07.040

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McClintic SM, Prajna NV, Srinivasan M et al (2014) Visual outcomes in treated bacterial keratitis: four years of prospective follow-up. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 55:2935–2940. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.14-13980

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ting DSJ, Ho CS, Cairns J et al (2021) Seasonal patterns of incidence, demographic factors and microbiological profiles of infectious keratitis: the Nottingham infectious keratitis study. Eye 35:2543–2549. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-020-01272-5

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lalitha P, Prajna NV, Manoharan G et al (2015) Trends in bacterial and fungal keratitis in South India, 2002–2012. Br J Ophthalmol 99:192–194. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305000

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ting DSJ, Cairns J, Gopal BP et al (2021) Risk factors, clinical outcomes, and prognostic factors of bacterial keratitis: the Nottingham infectious keratitis study. Front Med (Lausanne) 8:715118. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.715118

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jeng BH, Gritz DC, Kumar AB et al (2010) Epidemiology of ulcerative keratitis in Northern California. Arch Ophthalmol 128:1022–1028. https://doi.org/10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.144

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khor W-B, Aung T, Saw S-M et al (2006) An outbreak of Fusarium keratitis associated with contact lens wear in Singapore. JAMA 295:2867–2873. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.295.24.2867

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shah H, Radhakrishnan N, Ramsewak S et al (2019) Demographic and socioeconomic barriers and treatment seeking behaviors of patients with infectious keratitis requiring therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty. Indian J Ophthalmol 67:1593–1598. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_1821_18

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stapleton F, Carnt N (2012) Contact lens-related microbial keratitis: how have epidemiology and genetics helped us with pathogenesis and prophylaxis. Eye (Lond) 26:185–193. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2011.288

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Geneau R, Lewallen S, Bronsard A et al (2005) The social and family dynamics behind the uptake of cataract surgery: findings from Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania. Br J Ophthalmol 89:1399–1402. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2005.075572

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gilbert CE, Lepvrier-Chomette N (2016) Gender inequalities in surgery for bilateral cataract among children in low-income countries: a systematic review. Ophthalmology 123:1245–1251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.048

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Joseph J, Karoliya R, Sheba E et al (2023) Trends in the microbiological spectrum of nonviral keratitis at a single tertiary care ophthalmic hospital in India: a review of 30 years. Cornea 42:837–846. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000003105

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Radhakrishnan N, Pathak N, Raja Subramanian K et al (2022) Comparative study on costs incurred for treatment of patients with bacterial and fungal keratitis—a retrospective analysis. Indian J Ophthalmol 70:1191–1195. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_2176_21

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garg P, Gopinathan U, Choudhary K, Rao GN (2000) Keratomycosis: clinical and microbiologic experience with dematiaceous fungi. Ophthalmology 107:574–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(99)00079-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Upadhyay MP, Karmacharya PC, Koirala S et al (1991) Epidemiologic characteristics, predisposing factors, and etiologic diagnosis of corneal ulceration in Nepal. Am J Ophthalmol 111:92–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(14)76903-x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rathi VM, Thakur M, Sharma S et al (2017) KOH mount as an aid in the management of infectious keratitis at secondary eye care centre. Br J Ophthalmol 101:1447–1450. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310241

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ting DSJ, Ho CS, Cairns J et al (2021) 12-year analysis of incidence, microbiological profiles and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of infectious keratitis: the Nottingham Infectious keratitis study. Br J Ophthalmol 105:328–333. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316128

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prajna VN, Nirmalan PK, Saravanan S, Srinivasan M (2007) Economic analysis of corneal ulcers in South India. Cornea 26:119–122. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0b013e31802b36dc

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ashfaq H, Maganti N, Ballouz D et al (2021) Procedures, visits, and procedure costs in the management of microbial keratitis. Cornea 40:472–476. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000002534

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hossain P (2021) Microbial keratitis—the true costs of a silent pandemic? Eye 35:2071–2072. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-020-01360-6

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Komal S, Radhakrishnan N, Vardhan SA, Prajna NV (2022) Effectiveness of a tele-ophthalmology vision center in treating corneal disorders and its associated economic benefits. Cornea 41:688. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000002784

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Srinivasan M, Ravilla T, Vijayakumar V et al (2022) Community health workers for prevention of corneal ulcers in South India: a cluster-randomized trial. Am J Ophthalmol 237:259–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2021.12.010

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rathi VM, Murthy SI, Vaddavalli PK, Khanna RC (2022) Feasibility and outcomes of corneal transplantation performed at rural centers: an extension of the pyramidal model of enhanced eye care at rural outreach. Cornea 41:211–218. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000002839

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar