World Health Organization. Control of Chagas disease: second report of the WHO Expert Committee. WHO Technical Report Series [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2002 [cited 2022 Out 7]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42443.

Organizacion Panamericana dela Salud. Estimación cuantitativa de la enfermedad de Chagas en las Americas. OP5/HDM/CD/425–0G 2006 [Internet]. Washington (DC): PAHO; 2006 [cited 2022 Out 7]. Available from: http://opsuruguay.bvsalud.org/pdf/chagas19.pdf.

Manne-Goehler J, Umeh CA, Montgomery SP, Wirtz VJ. Estimating the burden of Chagas disease in the United States. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10(11):e0005033. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005033. PMID: 27820837; PMCID: PMC5098725.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

•• Marin-Neto JA, Maciel BC, Cunha-Neto E, Simões MV. Pathogenesis of chronic Chagas heart disease. Circulation. 2007;115:1109–11231. This scientific statement discusses the main pathogenetic mechanisms to explain the development of chronic Chagas heart disease.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chagas C, Vilella E. Cardiac form of American trypanosomiasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1922;14:5–61.

Article  Google Scholar 

Köberle F. Patogenia da moléstia de Chagas. Estudo dos órgãos musculares ocos. Rev Goiana Med. 1957;3:155–62.

Google Scholar 

Köberle F. Cardiopathia parasympaticopriva München Med Wschr. 1959;101:1308–10.

Google Scholar 

Andrade Z. Anatomia patológica da doença de Chagas. Ver Goiana Med. 1958;4:103–19.

Google Scholar 

Chapadeiro E, Lopes ERFEL. Desnervação parassimpática e hipertrofia do mocáradio em chagásicos crônicos. Ver Inst Med Trop S Paulo. 1967;9:40–2.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Mott KE, Hagstrom JWC. The pathologic lesions of the cardiac autonomic nervous system in chronic Chagas’ myocarditis. Circulation. 1965;31:273–86.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ribeiro-Jorge PA, Pires M, Carvalhal S. Sobre os neurônios do coração e a coronariografia post-mortem na cardiopatia chagásica crônica. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1979;23:101–8.

Google Scholar 

Lopes ER, Chapadeiro E, Almeida HO, Rocha A. Contribuição ao estudo da anatomia patológica dos corações de chagásicos falecidos subitamente. Ver Soc Bras Med Trop. 1975;9:269–82.

Article  Google Scholar 

Alcântara FG. Sistema neurovegetativo do coração na moléstia de Chagas experimental. Rev Goiana Med. 1961;7:111–8.

Google Scholar 

Tafuri WL, Breneer Z. Lesões do Sistema nervoso autônomo do camundongo albino na tripanossomíase cruzi experimental. Hospital (RJ). 1966;69:371–80.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Suárez JA. Los ganglios neurovegetativos intracardiacos em la patogenia de la miocarditis chagásica (Estudio histopatológico humano y experimental). Gaz Med Bahia. 1969;69:73–81.

Google Scholar 

DeSouza MM, Andrade SG, Barbosa AA Jr, Macedo dos Santos RT, Ferreira Alves VA, Andrade ZA. Trypanosoma cruzi strains and autonomic nervous system pathology in experimental Chagas disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1996;91:2117–24.

Google Scholar 

Machado CR, Caliari MV, de Lana M, Tafuri WL. Heart autonomic innervation during the acute phase of experimental American trypanosomiasis in dogs. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998;59:492–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Amorim DS, Marin-Neto JA. Functional alterations of the autonomic nervous system in Chagas’heart disease. Sao Paulo Med J. 1995;113:772–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Amorim DS, Manço JC, Gallo L Jr, Marin-Neto JA. Chagas’ heart disease as an experimental model for studies of cardiac autonomic function in man. Mayo Clin Proc. 1982;57:48–60.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oliveira JSM. A natural human model of intrinsic heart nervous system denervation: Chagas’ cardiopathy. Am Heart J. 1985;110:1092–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Köberle F. Enteromegaly and cardiomegaly in Chagas’disease Gut. 1963;4:399–405.

Google Scholar 

Adad SJ, Cançado CG, Etchebehere RM, Teixeira VP, Gomes UA, Chapadeiro E, Lopes ER. Neuron count reevaluation in the myenteric plexus of chagasic megacolon after morphometric neurons analysis. Virchows Archives. 2001;438:254–8.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Meneghelli UG. Chagasic enteropathy. Rev Soc. Med Trop. 2004;37:252–60.

Google Scholar 

Oliveira RB, Ballart C, Abràs A, Gállego M, Marin-Neto JA. Chagas disease. An unknown and neglected disease. In : Chagas disease. A neglected tropical disease. Editors : Pinazo-Delgado MJ, Gascón J. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44054-1

Marin Neto JA, Gallo L Jr, Manco JC, Rassi A, Amorim DS. Mechanisms of tachycardia on standing: studies in normal individuals and in chronic Chagas’heart patients. Cardiovasc Res. 1980;14(9):541–50.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Emdin M, Marin-Neto JA, Carpeggiani C, Maciel BC, Macerata A, Pintya AO, Michelassi C, Gallo l Jr, Pola S, Marchesi C, L’abbate A. Heart rate variability and cardiac denervation in Chagas’disease. Journal of Ambulatory Monitoring. 1992;5(2–3):251–7.

Google Scholar 

•• Silva LEV, Moreira HT, Oliveira MM, Cintra LSS, Salgado HC, Fazan R Jr, et al. Heart rate variability as a biomarker in patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy with or without concomitant digestive involvement and its relationship with the Rassi score. Biomed Eng Online. 2022;21:44. This article explores the role of dysautonomia in CCC, particularly its impact on digestive organic involvement. The study focuses on the use of heart rate variability (HRV) as a tool for stratifying the risk of death in CCC patients.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Silva CP, Del Carlo CH, Oliveira Junior MT, Scipioni A, Strunz-Cassaro C, Ramirez JA, Pereira Barretto AC. Why do patients with chagasic cardiomyopathy have worse outcomes than those with non-chagasic cardiomyopathy? Arq Bras Cardiol. 2008;91(6):358–62.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Issa VS, Ayub-Ferreira SM, Schroyens M, Chizzola PR, Soares PR, Lage SHG, Bocchi EA. The course of patients with Chagas heart disease during episodes of decompensated heart failure. ESC Heart Fail. 2021;8(2):1460–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.13232. Epub 2021 Feb 17.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moraes DN, Nascimento BR, Lima-Costa MF, Soares CPM, Ribeiro ALP. Vagal dysautonomia in patients with Chagas disease and mortality: 14-year results of a population cohort of the elderly. J Electrocardiol. 2023;14(82):1–6.

Google Scholar 

Raffel DM, Wieland DM. Development of mIBG as a cardiac innervation imaging agent. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3(1):111–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carrió I, Cowie MR, Yamazaki J, Udelson J, Camici PG. Cardiac sympathetic imaging with mIBG in heart failure. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3(1):92–100.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simoes MV, Pintya AO, Bromberg-Marin G, Sarabanda AV, Antloga CM, Pazin-Filho A, et al. Relation of regional sympathetic denervation and myocardial perfusion disturbance to wall motion impairment in Chagas’ cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86(9):975–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marino VSP, Dumont SM, Mota LDG, Braga DS, Freitas SS, Moreira MDCV. Sympathetic Dysautonomia in heart failure by 123I-MIBG: comparison between Chagasic, non-Chagasic and heart transplant patients. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018;111(2):182–90.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

•• Gadioli LP, Miranda CH, Marin-Neto JA, Volpe GJ, Filho ACLB, Filho AP, et al. Regional myocardial sympathetic denervation precedes the development of left ventricular systolic dysfunction in chronic Chagas’ cardiomyopathy. J Nucl Cardiol. 2022;29:3166–76. This study showed a correlation between the extent of sympathetic denervation and the severity of incident ventricular arrhythmia, indicating a potential role of MIBG imaging in risk stratification of sudden death in Chagas’ cardiomyopathy.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barizon GC, Simões MV, Schmidt A, Gadioli LP, Murta-Junior LO. Relationship between microvascular changes, autonomic de- nervation, and myocardial fibrosis in Chagas cardiomyopathy: evaluation by MRI and SPECT imaging. J Nucl Cardiol. 2018.

Lemos de Oliveira LF, Thackeray JT, Marin Neto JA, Dias Romano MM, Vieira de Carvalho EE, Mejia J, Tanaka DM, Kelly da Silva G, Abdalla DR, Malamut C, Bengel FM, de Lourdes Higuchi M, Schmidt A, Cunha-Neto E, Simões MV. Regional myocardial perfusion disturbance in experimental chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy. J Nucl Med. 2018;59(9):1430–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tanaka DM, Simões MV, Marin-Neto JA. Coronary microvascular dysfunction due to Chagas disease: where are we now? Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2023;21(6):379–87.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marin-Neto JA, Simões MV, Ayres-Neto EM, Attab-Santos JL, Gallo L Jr, Amorim DS, Maciel BC. Studies of the coronary circulation in Chagas’ heart disease. Sao Paulo Med J. 1995;113(2):826–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Oliveira SF, Pedrosa RC, Nascimento JH, Campos de Carvalho AC, Masuda MO. Sera from chronic chagasic patients with complex cardiac arrhythmias depress electrogenesis and conduction in isolated rabbit hearts. Circulation. 1997;96(6):2031–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Masuda MO, Levin M, De Oliveira SF, Dos Santos Costa PC, Bergami PL, Dos Santos Almeida NA, Pedrosa RC, Ferrari I, Hoebeke J, Campos de Carvalho AC. Functionally active cardiac antibodies in chronic Chagas’ disease are specifically blocked by Trypanosoma cruzi antigens. FASEB J. 1998;12(14):1551–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rassi A Jr, Rassi SG, Rassi A. Sudden death in Chagas’ disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2001;76:75–96.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rassi A Jr, Rassi A, Marin-Neto JA. Chagas disease. Lancet. 2010;375:1388–402.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miranda CH, Figueiredo AB, Maciel BC, Marin-Neto JA, Simoes MV. Sustained ventricular tachycardia is associated with regional myocardial sympathetic denervation assessed with 123I- metaiodobenzylguanidine in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy. J Nucl Med. 2011;52:504–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gadioli LP, Miranda CH, Pintya AO, de Figueiredo AB, Schmidt A, Maciel BC, et al. The severity of ventricular arrhythmia correlates with the extent of myocardial sympathetic denervation, but not with myocardial fibrosis extent in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy: Chagas disease, denervation and arrhythmia. J Nucl Cardiol. 2018;25:75–83.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Brito ASX, Moll-Bernardes RJ, Pinheiro MVT, Camargo GC, Siqueira FPR, Oliveira RS, Glavam AP, de Almeida SA, de Holanda MT, Sangenis LHC, Mendes FSNS, Rosado-de-Castro PH, de Sousa AS. Autonomic denervation, myocardial hypoperfusion and fibrosis may predict ventricular arrhythmia in the early stages of Chagas cardiomyopathy. J Nucl Cardiol. 2023;30(6):2379–88.

Article  PubMed