Bennett JL, Costello F, Chen JJ, Petzold A, Biousse V, Newman NJ, Galetta SL (2023) Optic neuritis and autoimmune optic neuropathies: advances in diagnosis and treatment. Lancet Neurol 22:89–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00187-9

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Benard-Seguin E, Costello F (2023) Optic neuritis: current challenges in diagnosis and management. Curr Opin Neurol 36:10–18. https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0000000000001128

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Biousse V, Newman NJ (2016) Diagnosis and clinical features of common optic neuropathies. Lancet Neurol 15:1355–1367. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30237-X

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Biousse V, Danesh-meyer HV, Saindane AM, Lamirel C, Newman NJ (2022) Imaging of the optic nerve: technological advances and future prospects. Lancet Neurol 4422:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00173-9

Article  Google Scholar 

Vidal-Jordana A, Sastre-Garriga J, Tintoré M, Rovira À, Montalban X (2024) Optic nerve topography in multiple sclerosis diagnostic criteria: existing knowledge and future directions. Mult Scler J 30:139–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/13524585231225848

Article  Google Scholar 

Petzold A, Fraser CL, Abegg M, Alroughani R, Alshowaeir D, Alvarenga R, Andris C, Asgari N, Barnett Y, Battistella R, Behbehani R, Berger T, Bikbov MM, Biotti D, Biousse V, Boschi A, Brazdil M, Brezhnev A, Calabresi PA, Cordonnier M, Costello F, Cruz FM, Cunha LP, Daoudi S, Deschamps R, de Seze J, Diem R, Etemadifar M, Flores-Rivera J, Fonseca P, Frederiksen J, Frohman E, Frohman T, Tilikete CF, Fujihara K, Gálvez A, Gouider R, Gracia F, Grigoriadis N, Guajardo JM, Habek M, Hawlina M, Martínez-Lapiscina EH, Hooker J, Hor JY, Howlett W, Huang-Link Y, Idrissova Z, Illes Z, Jancic J, Jindahra P, Karussis D, Kerty E, Kim HJ, Lagrèze W, Leocani L, Levin N, Liskova P, Liu Y, Maiga Y, Marignier R, McGuigan C, Meira D, Merle H, Monteiro MLR, Moodley A, Moura F, Muñoz S, Mustafa S, Nakashima I, Noval S, Oehninger C, Ogun O, Omoti A, Pandit L, Paul F, Rebolleda G, Reddel S, Rejdak K, Rejdak R, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Rougier MB, Sa MJ, Sanchez-Dalmau B, Saylor D, Shatriah I, Siva A, Stiebel-Kalish H, Szatmary G, Ta L, Tenembaum S, Tran H, Trufanov Y, van Pesch V, Wang AG, Wattjes MP, Willoughby E, Zakaria M, Zvornicanin J, Balcer L, Plant GT (2022) Diagnosis and classification of optic neuritis. Lancet Neurol 21:1120–1134. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00200-9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Galetta SL (2022) A new classification for diagnosis of optic neuritis. Lancet Neurol 21:1066–1068. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00334-9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kupersmith MJ, Alban T, Zeiffer B, Lefton D (2002) Contrast-enhanced MRI in acute optic neuritis: relationship to visual performance. Brain 125:812–822. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awf087

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hur M, Madhavan AA, Hodge DO, Eckel LJ, Pittock SJ, Flanagan EP, Bhatti MT, Chen JJ (2022) Comparison of 1.5 Tesla and 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of acute demyelinating optic neuritis. J Neuroophthalmol 42:297–302. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNO.0000000000001559

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Labella Álvarez F, Mosleh R, Bouthour W, Saindane AM, Bruce BB, Dattilo M, Newman NJ, Biousse V (2023) Optic nerve MRI T2-hyperintensity : a nonspecific marker of optic nerve damage. J Neuroophthalmol 44:22–29. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNO.0000000000002017

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mosleh R, Labella Álvarez F, Bouthour W, Saindane AM, Dattilo M, Bruce BB, Newman NJ, Biousse V (2024) Glaucoma as a cause of optic nerve abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging. Eye. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-024-02964-y. (Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38355669)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sarin S, Modak N, Sun R, Subei O, Serra A, Morgan M, Abboud H (2023) Predicting the final clinical phenotype after the first attack of optic neuritis. J Neuroimmunol 381:578130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578130

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Terrim S, Silva GD, de Sá e Benevides Falcao FC, dos Reis Pereira C, de Souza Andrade Benassi T, Fortini I, Gonçalves MRR, Castro LHM, Comerlatti LR, de Medeiros Rimkus C, Adoni T, Pereira SLA, Monteiro ML, Callegaro D (2023) Real-world application of the 2022 diagnostic criteria for first-ever episode of optic neuritis. J Neuroimmunol 381:578140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578140

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gingele S, Jendretzky KF, Bajor A, Meuth SG, Skripuletz T (2023) Application of diagnostic criteria for optic neuritis. Lancet Neurol 22:375–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(23)00112-6

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Klyscz P, Hass J, Zimmermann HG, Wilf-Yarkoni A, Tiosano A, Bialer O, Hellmann M, Lotan I, Cohen-Tayar Y, Levin N, Vaknin-Dembinsky A, Mariotto S, Carta S, Dale R, Ramanathan S, Garcia-Alfonso C, Zarco LA, Havla J, Gernert JA, Carnero Contentti E, Lopez PA, Ocampo C, Shifa J, Paul F, Stiebel-Kalish H, Asseyer S (2023) P006/347 application of the novel diagnostic criteria for optic neuritis in a multicentre cohort study. Mult Scler J 29:141. https://doi.org/10.1177/13524585231196192

Article  Google Scholar 

Rizzo JF, Lessell S (1991) Optic neuritis and ischemic optic neuropathy: overlapping clinical profiles. Arch Ophthalmol 109:1668–1672. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1991.01080120052024

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stunkel L, Kung NH, Wilson B, McClelland CM, Van Stavern GP (2018) Incidence and causes of overdiagnosis of optic neuritis. JAMA Ophthalmol 136:76–81. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.5470

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Siuko M, Kivelä TT, Setälä K, Tienari PJ (2018) Incidence and mimickers of acute idiopathic optic neuritis: analysis of 291 consecutive patients from southern Finland. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 25:386–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/09286586.2018.1500614

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Solomon AJ, Arrambide G, Brownlee WJ, Flanagan EP, Amato MP, Amezcua L, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, Corboy JR, Correale J, Fujihara K, Graves J, Harnegie MP, Hemmer B, Lechner-Scott J, Marrie RA, Newsome SD, Rocca MA, Royal W, Waubant EL, Yamout B, Cohen JA (2023) Differential diagnosis of suspected multiple sclerosis: an updated consensus approach. Lancet Neurol 22:750–768. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(23)00148-5

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hsu TK, Wang AG, Yen MY, Liu JH (2014) Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy masquerading as optic neuritis with spontaneous visual recovery. Clin Exp Optom 97:84–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12100

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McClelland CM, Van Stavern GP, Tselis AC (2011) Leber hereditary optic neuropathy mimicking neuromyelitis optica. J Neuroophthalmol 31:265–268. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNO.0b013e318225247b

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rizzo JF, Andreoli CM, Rabinov JD (2002) Use of magnetic resonance imaging to differentiate optic neuritis and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology 109:1679–1684. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(02)01148-X

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adesina OO, Scott McNally J, Salzman KL, Katz BJ, Warner JEA, McFadden M, Digre KB (2018) Diffusion-weighted imaging and post-contrast enhancement in differentiating optic neuritis and non-arteritic anterior optic neuropathy. Neuroophthalmology 42:90–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/01658107.2017.1356856

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Petroulia VD, Brügger D, Hoepner R, Vicini R, Winklehner A, Abegg M, Wagner F (2021) MRI signs helpful in the differentiation of patients with anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy and optic neuritis. Br J Ophthalmol 107:121–126. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-319537

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yovel OS, Katz M, Leiba H (2012) Magnetic resonance imaging of luxury perfusion of the optic nerve head in anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. J Neuroophthalmol 32:256–258. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNO.0b013e3182562afe

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Remond P, Attyé A, Lecler A, Lamalle L, Boudiaf N, Aptel F, Krainik A, Chiquet C (2017) The central bright spot sign: a potential new MR imaging sign for the early diagnosis of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy due to giant cell arteritis. Am J Neuroradiol 38:1411–1415. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5205

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pollock SC, Hubbe RE (2020) Color vision in anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 19:100823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoc.2020.100823

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schmalfuss IM, Dean CW, Sistrom C, Bhatti MT (2005) Optic neuropathy secondary to cat scratch disease: distinguishing MR imaging features from other types of optic neuropathies. Am J Neuroradiol 26:1310–1316. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0084-392x(08)70376-9

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vodopivec I, Shah CP, Prasad S, Cohen AB (2015) Teaching neuroimages: cat-scratch optic neuropathy without neuroretinitis. Neurology 84:e204–e205. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000001683

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen JJ, Bhatti MT, Bradley E, Garrity J, Thurtell MJ (2020) Incipient syphilitic papillitis. Neuroophthalmology 44:11–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/01658107.2019.1615959

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bidot S, Saindane AM, Peragallo JH, Bruce BB, Newman NJ, Biousse V (2015) Brain imaging in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neuroophthalmol 35:400–411. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNO.0000000000000303

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saitakis G, Chwalisz BK (2022) Optic perineuritis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 33:519–524. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICU.0000000000000900

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ma Z, Jiang H, Wang J (2023) Enhancement of optic nerve sheath on MRI in idiopathic intracranial hypertension(IIH). Clin Neurol Neurosurg 231:107778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2023.107778

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gospe SM, Amrhein TJ, Malinzak MD, Tariq Bhatti M, Mettu P, El-Dairi MA (2021) Magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities of the optic nerve sheath and intracranial internal carotid artery in giant cell arte