Domain walls (DWs) typically arise through a spontaneous symmetry-breaking (SSB) bifurcation [1,2] and serve as a bridge between two stable states. This phenomenon can be observed across numerous fields, including biology [3], fluid dynamics [4], Bose-Einstein condensate [5], string theory [6], and magnetism [[7], [8], [9]]. Owing to their topological robustness against external disturbances, domain walls hold significant promise for transmission and storage applications [10,11].

DWs are also present in optical systems, but the circumstances for their formation can be challenging. Haelterman and Sheppard introduced the concept of DW solitons by describing vectors, propagating structures, and segregating domains of orthogonal polarization states [12]. It took 20 years to observe experimental evidence of polarization domain walls (PDWs) in normal dispersion single-mode fibers after the theory was initially proposed [13]. In the context of optical communication, DWs are robust against noise and nonlinear damage [14], which has led to increased research in this area and contributed to the advancement of optical communication [15]. PDW is highly sensitive to the birefringence effect in optical fibers. However, the presence of non-ideal factors such as the bending of the fiber makes it impossible to completely eliminate the birefringence effect. The formation of PDWs has only been experimentally realized in weak birefringent fibers [10,16]. Researchers must employ certain measures, such as the “spun” fiber [10] and introducing additional asymmetry factors, to ensure the presence of symmetry breaking, thereby guaranteeing the generation of PDW.

In this paper, we propose an approach for generating PDWs in a strong birefringent fiber resonator by exchanging the fast axis and slow axis inside the cavity. We conduct a series of investigations on the dynamics of such PDW under different conditions in terms of detuning, differential group delay (DGD), and pump power. According to the numerical analysis, the existence range of PDWs concerning detuning and DGD is determined, which also paves the way for the research of PDWs by using the polarization-exchange fiber resonator. Because of the technical difficulty of 90°-rotated splicing, we also investigated the impact of angle deviation and length deviation. We have broadened the existing range of PDWs, which is conducive to the subsequent applications of PDWs such as transmission and storage.