Khan SR, Pearle MS, Robertson WG, Gambaro G, Canales BK, Doizi S, Traxer O, Tiselius HG (2016) Kidney stones. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2(1):1–23

Article  Google Scholar 

Singh P, Harris PC, Sas DJ, Lieske JC (2022) The genetics of kidney stone disease and nephrocalcinosis. Nat Rev Nephrol 18(4):224–240

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang L, Li S, Cong M, Liu Z, Dong Z, Zhao M, Gao K, Hu L, Qiao H (2023) Lemon-derived extracellular vesicle-like nanoparticles block the progression of kidney stones by antagonizing endoplasmic reticulum stress in renal tubular cells. Nano Lett 23(4):1555–1563

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bibilash BS, Vijay A, Fazil Marickar YM (2010) Stone composition and metabolic status. Urol Res 38(3):211–213

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shtukenberg AG, Hu L, Sahota A, Kahr B, Ward MD (2022) Disrupting crystal growth through molecular recognition: designer therapies for kidney stone prevention. Accounts Chem Res 55(4):516–525

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Khan SR, Canales BK, Dominguez-Gutierrez PR (2021) Randall’s plaque and calcium oxalate stone formation: role for immunity and inflammation. Nat Rev Nephrol 17(6):417–433

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu Y, Sun Y, Kang J, He Z, Liu Q, Wu J, Li D, Wang X, Tao Z, Guan X, She W, Xu H, Deng Y (2022) Role of ROS-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the formation of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. Front Immunol 13:152

Google Scholar 

Mulay S R, Evan A, Anders HJ (2014) Molecular mechanisms of crystal-related kidney inflammation and injury. Implications for cholesterol embolism, crystalline nephropathies and kidney stone disease. Nephrol Dial Transpl 29(3): 507–514

Yang C, Yang W, He Z, Guo J, Yang X, Wang R, Li H (2021) Kaempferol alleviates oxidative stress and apoptosis through mitochondria-dependent pathway during lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. Front Pharmacol 12:624402

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wigner P, Grębowski R, Bijak M, Szemraj J, Saluk-Bijak J (2021) The Molecular aspect of nephrolithiasis development. Cells 10(8):1926

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen XW, Sun XY, Tang GH, Ouyang JM (2022) Sulfated Undaria pinnatifida polysaccharide inhibits the formation of kidney stones by inhibiting HK-2 cell damage and reducing the adhesion of nano-calcium oxalate crystals. Biomater Adv 134:112564

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Niimi K, Yasui T, Hirose M, Hamamoto S, Itoh Y, Okada A, Kubota Y, Kojima Y, Tozawa K, Sasaki S, Hayashi Y, Kohri K (2012) Mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening induces the initial process of renal calcium crystallization. Free Radical Bio Med 52(7):1207–1217

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Li H, Wang Y, Zhao P, Guo L, Huang L, Li X, Guo W (2023) Naturally and chemically acetylated polysaccharides: structural characteristics, synthesis, activities, and applications in the delivery system: a review. Carbohyd Polym 120746

Ahmad MM (2021) Recent trends in chemical modification and antioxidant activities of plants-based polysaccharides: a review. Carbohyd Polym Technol Appl 2:100045

CAS  Google Scholar 

Sun J, Wei S, Zhang Y, Li J (2021) Protective effects of Astragalus polysaccharide on sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. Anal Cell Pathol 7178253

Raish M, Ahmad A, Ansari MA, Alkharfy KM, Aljenoobi FI, Jan BL, Al-Mohizea AM, Khan A, Ali N (2018) Momordica charantia polysaccharides ameliorate oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in ethanol-induced gastritis in mucosa through NF-kB signaling pathway inhibition. Int J Biol Macromol 111:193–199

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang W, Zhang X, Zou K, Xie J, Zhao S, Liu J, Liu H, Wang J, Wang Y (2017) Seabuckthorn berry polysaccharide protects against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice via anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. Food Funct 8(9):3130–3138

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu GJ, Shiu SM, Hsieh MC, Tsai GJ (2016) Anti-inflammatory activity of a sulfated polysaccharide from the brown alga Sargassum cristaefolium. Food Hydrocolloid 53:16–23

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Xiong P, Cheng XY, Sun XY, Chen XW, Ouyang JM (2022) Interaction between nanometer calcium oxalate and renal epithelial cells repaired with carboxymethylated polysaccharides. Biomater Adv 137:212854

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tian T, Chen H, Zhao YY (2014) Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and quality control of Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juzep: a review. J Ethnopharmacol 158:373–387

Zhao ZY, Zhang Q, Li YF, Dong LL, Liu SL (2015) Optimization of ultrasound extraction of Alisma orientalis polysaccharides by response surface methodology and their antioxidant activities. Carbohyd Polym 119:101–109

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kim HG, Kim MY, Cho JY (2018) Alisma canaliculatum ethanol extract suppresses inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated macrophages, HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis, and DSS-triggered colitis by targeting Src/Syk and TAK1 activities. J Ethnopharmacol 219:202–212

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cheng XY, Ouyang JM (2023) Carboxymethylated Rhizoma alismatis polysaccharides regulate calcium oxalate crystals growth and reduce the regulated crystals’ cytotoxicity. Biomolecules 13(7):1044

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang H, Sun XY, Chen XW, Ouyang JM (2020) Degraded Porphyra yezoensis polysaccharide protects HK-2 cells and reduces nano-COM crystal toxicity, adhesion and endocytosis. J Mater Chem B 8(32):7233–7252

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fletcher DA, Mullins RD (2010) Cell mechanics and the cytoskeleton. Nature 463(7280):485–492

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Laffleur F, Psenner J, Suchaoin W (2015) Permeation enhancement via thiolation: in vitro and ex vivo evaluation of hyaluronic acid-cysteine ethyl ester. J Pharm Sci 104(7):2153–2160

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

An H, Ling C, Xu M, Hu M, Wang H, Liu J, Song G, Liu J (2020) Oxidative damage induced by nano-titanium dioxide in rats and mice: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020(194):184–202

Article  Google Scholar 

Wang S, El-Deiry WS (2004) Cytochrome c: a crosslink between the mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum in calcium-dependent apoptosis. Cancer Biol Ther 3(1):44–46

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tanaka T, Narazaki M, Kishimoto T (2014) IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease. CSH Perspect Biol 6(10):a016295

Google Scholar 

Mehaffey E, Majid DSA (2017) Tumor necrosis factor-α, kidney function and hypertension. Am J Physiol-Renal 313(4):F1005–F1008

Article  Google Scholar 

Sharma JN, Al-Omran A, Parvathy SS (2007) Role of nitric oxide in inflammatory diseases. Inflammopharmacology 15:252–259

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rampanelli E, Dessing MC, Claessen N, Teske GJD, Joosten SPJ, Pals ST, Leemans JC, Florquin S (2013) CD44-deficiency attenuates the immunologic responses to LPS and delays the onset of endotoxic shock-induced renal inflammation and dysfunction. PLoS ONE 8(12):e84479

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Asadi M, Taghizadeh S, Kaviani E, Vakili O, Taheri-Anganeh M, Tahamtan M, Savardashtaki A (2022) Caspase-3: structure, function, and biotechnological aspects. Biotechnol Appl Bioc 69(4):1633–1645

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mulay SR, Desai J, Kumar SV, Eberhard JN, Thomasova D, Romoli S, Grigorescu M, Kulkarni OP, Popper B, Vielhauer V, Zuchtriegel G, Reichel C, Bräsen JH, Romagnani P, Bilyy R, Munoz LE, Herrmann M, Liapis H, Krautwald S, Linkermann A, Anders HJ (2016) Cytotoxicity of crystals involves RIPK3-MLKL-mediated necroptosis. Nat Commun 7(1):10274

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sun XY, Zhang H, Chen JY, Zeng JH, Ouyang JM (2021) Porphyra yezoensis polysaccharide and potassium citrate synergistically inhibit calcium oxalate crystallization induced by renal epithelial cells and cytotoxicity of the formed crystals. Mat Sci Eng C 119:111448

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kim H, Cho SM, Kim WJ, Hong KB, Suh HJ, Yu KW (2022) Red ginseng polysaccharide alleviates cytotoxicity and promotes anti-inflammatory activity of ginsenosides. Food Sci Technol 42:e52220

Article  Google Scholar 

Qian WW, Yang SQ, Hu SM, Wang XL, Zhu Y, Zhou T (2021) Enzymatic degradation, antioxidant and immunoregulatory activities of polysaccharides from brown algae Sargassum fusiforme. J Food Meas Charact 15(2):1960–1972

Article  Google Scholar 

Zha X-Q, Deng Y-Y, Li X-L, Wang J-F, Pan L-H, Luo J-P (2017) The core structure of a Dendrobium huoshanense polysaccharide required for the inhibition of human lens epithelial cell apoptosis. Carbohydr Polym 155:252–260

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feng Y, Qiu Y, Duan Y, He Y, Xiang H, Sun W, Zhang H, Ma H (2022) Characterization, antioxidant, antineoplastic and immune activities of selenium modified Sagittaria sagittifolia L. polysaccharides. Food Res Int 153:110913

Xu J, Liu W, Yao W, Pang X, Yin D, Gao X (2009) Carboxymethylation of a polysaccharide extracted from Ganoderma lucidum enhances its antioxidant activities in vitro. Carbohyd Polym 78(2):227–234

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Simsek M, Asiyanbi-Hammed TT, Rasaq N, Hammed AM (2021) Progress in bioactive polysaccharide-derivatives: a review. Food Rev Int 1–16

Thongboonkerd V, Yasui T, Khan SR (2021) Immunity and inflammatory response in kidney stone disease. Front Immunol 12:795559

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang F, Sun XY, Ouyang JM (2020) Preparation and characterization of selenized Astragalus polysaccharide and its inhibitory effect on kidney stones. Mat Sci Eng C 110:110732

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Huang MY, Chaturvedi LS, Koul S, Koul HK (2005) Oxalate stimulates IL-6 production in HK-2 cells, a line of human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. Kidney Int 68(2):497–503