1   Center for Access and Delivery Research and Evaluation, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa

2   Department of Anesthesia, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa

,

Brian C. Lund

1   Center for Access and Delivery Research and Evaluation, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa

3   Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa

,

Yubo Gao

1   Center for Access and Delivery Research and Evaluation, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa

4   Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa

,

Andrea L. Strayer

5   College of Nursing, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa

6   Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Academic Affiliations VA Quality Scholars Advanced Fellowship Program, Iowa City, Iowa

,

Heather Davila

1   Center for Access and Delivery Research and Evaluation, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa

4   Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa

,

Leslie R. M. Hausmann

7   Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

8   Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

,

Susanne Schmidt

9   Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas

,

Paula K. Shireman

10   Department of Primary Care and Rural Medicine and Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M Health, Bryan, Texas

,

Michael A. Jacobs

7   Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

,

Michael J. Mader

11   Research Service, South Texas Veterans Healthcare System, San Antonio, Texas

,

Robert A. Tessler

7   Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

12   Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

,

Carly A. Duncan

7   Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

,

7   Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

12   Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

13   Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

14   Wolff Center at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

,

1   Center for Access and Delivery Research and Evaluation, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa

4   Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa

This research was supported by the VHA Office of Research and Development (HSR&D I01HX003095). This research was also supported by VHA IIR 19–414 award and a U01TR002393 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences and the Office of the Director. This work was also supported by the Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Academic Affiliations VA Quality Scholars Advanced Fellowship Program: award number 3Q052019C.

The authors disclose other grant funding from the NIH and VHA ORD outside the scope of this work.

The funding sources had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The opinions expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the Department of Veterans Affairs or the United States government.