Cummings SR, Melton LJ (2002) Epidemiology and outcomes of osteoporotic fractures. Lancet 359(9319):1761–1767

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gonnelli S, Caffarelli C, Nuti R (2014) Obesity and fracture risk. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab 11(1):9–14

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim J, Lee S, Kim SS et al (2021) Association between body mass index and fragility fracture in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study using Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2009 (KNHANES IV). BMC Womens Health 21(1):60

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lespessailles É (2021) Obesity and osteoporosis. Rev Prat 71(1):91–94

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu Y, Liu C, Guo D, Wang N, Zhao Y, Li D (2021) Effect of childhood overweight on distal metaphyseal radius fractures treated by closed reduction. J Orthop Surg Res 16(1):182

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nhan DT, Leet AI, Lee RJ (2021) Associations of childhood overweight and obesity with upper-extremity fracture characteristics. Medicine (Baltimore) 100(18):e25302

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Owattanapanich N, Schellenberg M, Switzer E, Clark DH, Matsushima K, Inaba K (2021) Association of body mass index on injuries and outcomes after ground-level falls. Am Surg 87(10):1584–1588

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sampaio LG, Marques J, Petterle RR, Moreira CA, Borba VZC (2021) Association between fractures and traditional risk factors for osteoporosis and low bone mineral density in patients with obesity. Arch Endocrinol Metab 65:152–163

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sherk VD, Heveran CM, Foright RM, Johnson GC, Presby DM, Ferguson VL et al (2021) Sex differences in the effect of diet, obesity, and exercise on bone quality and fracture toughness. Bone 145:115840

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Turcotte AF, O’Connor S, Morin SN et al (2021) Association between obesity and risk of fracture, bone mineral density and bone quality in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 16(6):e0252487

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang Z, Zhou X, Shu L, Hu M, Gao R, Zhou XH (2021) The association between overweight/obesity and vertebral fractures in older adults: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Osteoporos Int 32(6):1079–1091

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu CT, Broe KE, Zhou Y et al (2017) Visceral adipose tissue is associated with bone microarchitecture in the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Res 32(1):143–150

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu CT, Sahni S, Xu H et al (2018) Long-term and recent weight change are associated with reduced peripheral bone density, deficits in bone microarchitecture, and decreased bone strength: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Res 33(10):1851–1858

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nielson CM, Marshall LM, Adams AL et al (2011) BMI and fracture risk in older men: the osteoporotic fractures in men study (MrOS). J Bone Miner Res 26(3):496–502

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Laet C, Kanis JA, Odén A et al (2005) Body mass index as a predictor of fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 16(11):1330–1338

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nielson CM, Srikanth P, Orwoll ES (2012) Obesity and fracture in men and women: an epidemiologic perspective. J Bone Miner Res 27(1):1–10

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chan MY, Frost SA, Center JR, Eisman JA, Nguyen TV (2014) Relationship between body mass index and fracture risk is mediated by bone mineral density. J Bone Miner Res 29(11):2327–2335

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Johansson H, Kanis JA, Odén A et al (2014) A meta-analysis of the association of fracture risk and body mass index in women. J Bone Miner Res 29(1):223–233

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shen J, Leslie WD, Nielson CM, Majumdar SR, Morin SN, Orwoll ES (2016) Associations of body mass index with incident fractures and hip structural parameters in a large Canadian cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 101(2):476–484

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu H, Cupples LA, Stokes A, Liu CT (2018) Association of obesity with mortality over 24 years of weight history: findings from the Framingham Heart Study. JAMA Netw Open 1(7):e184587

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stokes A, Preston SH (2016) Revealing the burden of obesity using weight histories. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 113(3):572–577

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Malhotra R, Ostbye T, Riley CM, Finkelstein EA (2013) Young adult weight trajectories through midlife by body mass category. Obesity (Silver Spring) 21(9):1923–1934

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guo A, Beheshti R, Khan YM, Langabeer JR, Foraker RE (2021) Predicting cardiovascular health trajectories in time-series electronic health records with LSTM models. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 21(1):5

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zheng H, Echave P, Mehta N, Myrskylä M (2021) Life-long body mass index trajectories and mortality in two generations. Ann Epidemiol 56:18–25

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zheng H, Tumin D, Qian Z (2013) Obesity and mortality risk: new findings from body mass index trajectories. Am J Epidemiol 178(11):1591–1599

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abdullah A, Wolfe R, Stoelwinder JU et al (2011) The number of years lived with obesity and the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Int J Epidemiol 40(4):985–996

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abdullah A, Stoelwinder J, Shortreed S et al (2011) The duration of obesity and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Public Health Nutr 14(1):119–126

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ensrud KE, Ewing SK, Stone KL et al (2003) Intentional and unintentional weight loss increase bone loss and hip fracture risk in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc 51(12):1740–1747

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

LeBlanc ES, Rizzo JH, Pedula KL et al (2018) Long-term weight trajectory and risk of hip fracture, falls, impaired physical function, and death. J Am Geriatr Soc 66(10):1972–1979

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Søgaard AJ, Meyer HE, Tonstad S, Håheim LL, Holme I (2008) Weight cycling and risk of forearm fractures: a 28-year follow-up of men in the Oslo Study. Am J Epidemiol 167(8):1005–1013

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meyer HE, Tverdal A, Selmer R (1998) Weight variability, weight change and the incidence of hip fracture: a prospective study of 39,000 middle-aged Norwegians. Osteoporos Int 8(4):373–378

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lv QB, Fu X, Jin HM et al (2015) The relationship between weight change and risk of hip fracture: meta-analysis of prospective studies. Sci Rep 5:16030

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Johnson KC, Bray GA, Cheskin LJ et al (2017) The effect of intentional weight loss on fracture risk in persons with diabetes: results from the look AHEAD randomized clinical trial. J Bone Miner Res 32(11):2278–2287

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Crandall CJ, Yildiz VO, Wactawski-Wende J et al (2015) Postmenopausal weight change and incidence of fracture: post hoc findings from Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study and Clinical Trials. BMJ 350:h25

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Beavers KM, Neiberg RH, Johnson KC et al (2019) Impact of body weight dynamics following intentional weight loss on fracture risk: results from the Action for Health in Diabetes Study. JBMR Plus 3(5):e10086

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Medley ML (1980) Life satisfaction across four stages of adult life. Int J Aging Hum Dev 11(3):193–209

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dawber TR, Meadors GF, Moore FE (1951) Epidemiological approaches to heart disease: the Framingham Study. Am J Public Health Nations Health 41(3):279–281

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: executive summary (1998) Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight in Adults. Am J Clin Nutr 68(4):899–917

Article  Google Scholar 

nzcoops (2011) Latent class mixed models – with graphics. R-bloggers [Internet] https://www.r-bloggers.com/2011/10/latent-class-mixed-models-with-graphics/

Proust-Lima C (2017) Estimation of extended mixed models using latent classes and latent processes: the R package lcmm. J Stat Softw 78(2):56