Estimating Community Disruption from Nighttime Gunshots in 6 U.S. Cities, 2015 to 2021

Gun Violence Archive. Accessed March 6, 2024. https://www.gunviolencearchive.org/.

Goldstick JE, Cunningham RM, Carter PM. Current Causes of Death in Children and Adolescents in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine. 2022;386(20):1955-1956. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2201761.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grinshteyn E, Hemenway D. Violent Death Rates: The US Compared with Other High-income OECD Countries, 2010. The American Journal of Medicine. 2016;129(3):266-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.10.025.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Song Z, Zubizarreta JR, Giuriato M, Koh KA, Sacks CA. Firearm Injuries In Children And Adolescents: Health And Economic Consequences Among Survivors And Family Members. Health Affairs. 2023;42(11):1541-1550. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2023.00587.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bancalari P, Sommer M, Rajan S. Youth Exposure to Endemic Community Gun Violence: A Systematic Review. Adolescent Res Rev. 2022;7(3):383-417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-022-00178-5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Murphy WJ, Tubbs RL. Assessment of noise exposure for indoor and outdoor firing ranges. J Occup Environ Hyg. 2007;4(9):688-697. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459620701537390.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

How Many Decibels Is A Gunshot | How Far Away Can You Hear a Gunshot. Decibel Meter App | Best Digital Sound Level Meter For Your Smartphone. Published May 7, 2021. https://decibelpro.app/blog/how-far-can-you-hear-a-gunshot/. Accessed 16 Jan 2023.

Cho Y, Ryu SH, Lee BR, Kim KH, Lee E, Choi J. Effects of artificial light at night on human health: A literature review of observational and experimental studies applied to exposure assessment. Chronobiol Int. 2015;32(9):1294-1310. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2015.1073158.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Messner SF, Tardiff K. The social ecology of urban homicide: An application of the “routine activities” approach. Criminology. 1985;23(2):241-267.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gibbens TCN. Sane and Insane Homicide. J Crim Law, Criminol Police Sci. 1958;49(2):110-115. https://doi.org/10.2307/1140920.

Article  Google Scholar 

Branas CC, Richmond TS, Schwab CW. Firearm Homicide and Firearm Suicide: Opposite but Equal. Public Health Rep. 2004;119(2):114-124. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335490411900203.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Garbarino J. The War-Zone Mentality — Mental Health Effects of Gun Violence in U.S. Children and Adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(13):1149-1151. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2209422.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Turner HA, Finkelhor D, Henly M. Exposure to Family and Friend Homicide in a Nationally Representative Sample of Youth. J Interpers Violence. 2021;36(7-8):NP4413-NP4442. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518787200.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ford JL, Browning CR. Effects of exposure to violence with a weapon during adolescence on adult hypertension. Ann Epidemiol. 2014;24(3):193-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.12.004.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sheats KJ, Irving SM, Mercy JA, et al. Violence-Related Disparities Experienced by Black Youth and Young Adults: Opportunities for Prevention. Am J Prev Med. 2018;55(4):462-469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.05.017.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yano Y, Kario K. Nocturnal blood pressure and cardiovascular disease: a review of recent advances. Hypertens Res. 2012;35(7):695-701. https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2012.26.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wilson DK, Kliewer W, Plybon L, Zacharias J, Teasley N, Sica DA. Violence Exposure and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in African-American Adolescents. Int J Rehabil Health. 1998;4(4):223-232. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022914812723.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gibson CL, Morris SZ, Beaver KM. Secondary Exposure to Violence During Childhood and Adolescence: Does Neighborhood Context Matter? Justice Q. 2009;26(1):30-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820802119968.

Article  Google Scholar 

Martin R, Rajan S, Shareef F, et al. Racial Disparities in Child Exposure to Firearm Violence Before and During COVID-19. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2022;63(2):204-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2022.02.007.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abaza R, Lukens-Bull K, Bayouth L, Smotherman C, Tepas J, Crandall M. Gunshot wound incidence as a persistent, tragic symptom of area deprivation. Surgery. 2020;168(4):671-675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2020.05.016.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barrett JT, Lee LK, Monuteaux MC, Farrell CA, Hoffmann JA, Fleegler EW. Association of County-Level Poverty and Inequities With Firearm-Related Mortality in US Youth. JAMA Pediatrics. 2022;176(2):e214822. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.4822.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tubbs AS, Fernandez FX, Grandner MA, Perlis ML, Klerman EB. The Mind After Midnight: Nocturnal Wakefulness, Behavioral Dysregulation, and Psychopathology. Frontiers in Network Physiology. 2022;1.  https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnetp.2021.830338. Accessed 6 April 2022.

Ursache A, Robbins R, Chung A, et al. Sleep, Classroom Behavior, and Achievement Among Children of Color in Historically Disinvested Neighborhoods. Child Dev. 2021;92(5):1932-1950. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13590.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Astill RG, Van der Heijden KB, Van Ijzendoorn MH, Van Someren EJW. Sleep, cognition, and behavioral problems in school-age children: a century of research meta-analyzed. Psychol Bull. 2012;138(6):1109-1138. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028204.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dewald JF, Meijer AM, Oort FJ, Kerkhof GA, Bögels SM. The influence of sleep quality, sleep duration and sleepiness on school performance in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2010;14(3):179-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2009.10.004.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stranges S, Dorn JM, Cappuccio FP, et al. A population-based study of reduced sleep duration and hypertension: the strongest association may be in premenopausal women. J Hypertens. 2010;28(5):896-902. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e328335d076.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang H, Sun J, Sun M, Liu N, Wang M. Relationship of sleep duration with the risk of stroke incidence and stroke mortality: an updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Sleep Med. 2022;90:267-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2021.11.001.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Daghlas I, Dashti HS, Lane J, et al. Sleep Duration and Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(10):1304-1314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.07.022.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McMullan CJ, McHill AW, Hull JT, Wang W, Forman JP, Klerman EB. Sleep Restriction and Recurrent Circadian Disruption Differentially Affects Blood Pressure, Sodium Retention, and Aldosterone Secretion. Frontiers in Physiology. 2022;13. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2022.914497 . Accessed 21 Jan 2023.

Broussard JL, Van Cauter E. Disturbances of sleep and circadian rhythms: Novel risk factors for obesity. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2016;23(5):353-359. https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000276.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Reutrakul S, Van Cauter E. Sleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes. Metabolism. 2018;84:56-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.02.010.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bassetti CL, Ferini-Strambi L, Brown S, et al. Neurology and psychiatry: waking up to opportunities of sleep. : State of the art and clinical/research priorities for the next decade. Eur J Neurol. 2015;22(10):1337-1354. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.12781.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weaver MD, Barger LK, Malone SK, Anderson LS, Klerman EB. Dose-dependent Relationships between Sleep Duration and Unsafe Behaviors among United States High School Students. JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172(12):1187-1189. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.2777.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Raine A, Venables PH. Adolescent daytime sleepiness as a risk factor for adult crime. J Child Psychol Psychiatr. 2017;58(6):728-735. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12693.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen X, Wang R, Zee P, et al. Racial/Ethnic Differences in Sleep Disturbances: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Sleep. 2015;38(6):877-888. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.4732.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Khot SP, Taylor BL, Longstreth W t., Brown AF. Sleep Health as a Determinant of Disparities in Stroke Risk and Health Outcome. Stroke. 2023;54(2):595-604. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.122.039524.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bureau UC. City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021. Census.gov. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html.  Accessed 16 Jan 2023.

Gunshot Detection - ShotSpotter. https://www.shotspotter.com/law-enforcement/gunshot-detection-technology/.  Accessed 16 Jan 2023.

Klerman EB, Affouf M, Robbins R, et al. Characterizing Gun Violence by Time, Day of the Week, Holidays, and Month in 6 US Cities, 2015–2021. J Biol Rhythms. Published online November 18, 2023:07487304231208469. https://doi.org/10.1177/07487304231208469.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Web-Based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html. Accessed March 6, 2024. 

Bureau UC. American Community Survey (ACS). Census.gov. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs. Accessed 30 Jan 2023.

Lim J, Dinges DF. A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Short-Term Sleep Deprivation on Cognitive Variables. Psychol Bull. 2010;136(3):375-389. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018883.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

留言 (0)

沒有登入
gif