Ohuma EO, Moller AB, Bradley E, Chakwera S, Hussain-Alkhateeb L, Lewin A, et al. National, regional, and global estimates of preterm birth in 2020, with trends from 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2023;402:1261–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pryhuber GS, Maitre NL, Ballard RA, Cifelli D, Davis SD, Ellenberg JH, et al. Prematurity and respiratory outcomes program (PROP): study protocol of a prospective multicenter study of respiratory outcomes of preterm infants in the United States. BMC Pediatrics. 2015;15:37.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Northway WH Jr., Rosan RC, Porter DY. Pulmonary disease following respirator therapy of hyaline-membrane disease. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. N Engl J Med. 1967;276:357–68.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jensen EA, Edwards EM, Greenberg LT, Soll RF, Ehret DEY, Horbar JD. Severity of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Among Very Preterm Infants in the United States. Pediatrics. 2021;148:e2020030007.

Aoyama BC, Rice JL, McGrath-Morrow SA, Collaco JM. Mortality in Outpatients with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. J Pediatrics. 2022;241:48–53.e1.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sillers L, Alexiou S, Jensen EA. Lifelong pulmonary sequelae of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2020;32:252–60.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abman SH, Collaco JM, Shepherd EG, Keszler M, Cuevas-Guaman M, Welty SE, et al. Interdisciplinary Care of Children with Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. J Pediatrics. 2017;181:12–28.e1.

Article  Google Scholar 

Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Bell EF, Walsh MC, Carlo WA, Shankaran S, et al. Trends in Care Practices, Morbidity, and Mortality of Extremely Preterm Neonates, 1993-2012. JAMA J Am Med Assoc. 2015;314:1039–51.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Martinez FD. Early-Life Origins of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:871–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barker DJ, Godfrey KM, Fall C, Osmond C, Winter PD, Shaheen SO. Relation of birth weight and childhood respiratory infection to adult lung function and death from chronic obstructive airways disease. BMJ. 1991;303:671–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chan JY, Stern DA, Guerra S, Wright AL, Morgan WJ, Martinez FD. Pneumonia in childhood and impaired lung function in adults: a longitudinal study. Pediatrics. 2015;135:607–16.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Morrow LA, Wagner BD, Ingram DA, Poindexter BB, Schibler K, Cotten CM, et al. Antenatal Determinants of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia and Late Respiratory Disease in Preterm Infants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;196:364–74.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Caskey S, Gough A, Rowan S, Gillespie S, Clarke J, Riley M, et al. Structural and Functional Lung Impairment in Adult Survivors of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2016;13:1262–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Allen JL. Airway function throughout the lifespan: Pediatric origins of adult respiratory disease. Pediatr Investig. 2019;3:236–44.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Crump C, Sundquist J, Winkleby MA, Sundquist K. Gestational age at birth and mortality from infancy into mid-adulthood: a national cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2019;3:408–17.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Collaco JM, McGrath-Morrow SA. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia as a determinant of respiratory outcomes in adult life. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021;56;3464–71.

Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Bell EF, Shankaran S, Laptook AR, Walsh MC, et al. Neonatal outcomes of extremely preterm infants from the NICHD Neonatal Research Network. Pediatrics. 2010;126:443–56.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Doyle LW, Ranganathan S, Cheong J. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and expiratory airflow at 8 years in children born extremely preterm in the post-surfactant era. Thorax. 2023;78:484–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang X, Li Y, Shi T, Bont LJ, Chu HY, Zar HJ, et al. Global disease burden of and risk factors for acute lower respiratory infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus in preterm infants and young children in 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregated and individual participant data. Lancet. 2024;403:1241–53.

Thébaud B, Goss KN, Laughon M, Whitsett JA, Abman SH, Steinhorn RH, et al. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2019;5:78.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kalikkot Thekkeveedu R, Guaman MC, Shivanna B. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A review of pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Respir Med. 2017;132:170–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Villamor-Martinez E, Alvarez-Fuente M, Ghazi AMT, Degraeuwe P, Zimmermann LJI, Kramer BW, et al. Association of Chorioamnionitis With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Among Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Metaregression. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2:e1914611.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pierro M, Villamor-Martinez E, van Westering-Kroon E, Alvarez-Fuente M, Abman SH, Villamor E. Association of the dysfunctional placentation endotype of prematurity with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Thorax. 2022;77:268–75.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bonadies L, Zaramella P, Porzionato A, Perilongo G, Muraca M, Baraldi E. Present and Future of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. J Clin Med. 2020;9:1539.

Lavoie PM, Pham C, Jang KL. Heritability of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, defined according to the consensus statement of the national institutes of health. Pediatrics. 2008;122:479–85.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lavoie PM, Rayment JH. Genetics of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: An update. Semin Perinatol. 2023;47:151811.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen SM, Lin CP, Jan MS. Early Gut Microbiota Changes in Preterm Infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Pilot Case-Control Study. Am J Perinatol. 2021;38:1142–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jobe AH, Bancalari E. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:1723–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jensen EA, Dysart K, Gantz MG, McDonald S, Bamat NA, Keszler M, et al. The Diagnosis of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Very Preterm Infants. An Evidence-based Approach. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;200:751–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Higgins RD, Jobe AH, Koso-Thomas M, Bancalari E, Viscardi RM, Hartert TV, et al. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Executive Summary of a Workshop. J Pediatrics. 2018;197:300–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ehrenkranz RA, Walsh MC, Vohr BR, Jobe AH, Wright LL, Fanaroff AA, et al. Validation of the National Institutes of Health consensus definition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics. 2005;116:1353–60.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Katz TA, van Kaam AH, Schuit E, Mugie SM, Aarnoudse-Moens CSH, Weber EH, et al. Comparison of New Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Definitions on Long-Term Outcomes in Preterm Infants. J Pediatrics. 2023;253:86–93.e4.

Article  Google Scholar 

Perez-Tarazona S, Marset G, Part M, Lopez C, Perez-Lara L. Definitions of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Which One Should We Use?. J Pediatrics. 2022;251:67–73.e2.

Article  Google Scholar 

Aoyama BC, Collaco JM, McGrath-Morrow SA. Predictors of pulmonary function at 6 years of age in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatric Pulmonol. 2021;56:974–81.

Rite S, Martin de Vicente C, Garcia-Iniguez JP, Couce ML, Samper MP, Montaner A, et al. The Consensus Definition of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Is an Adequate Predictor of Lung Function at Preschool Age. Front Pediatr. 2022;10:830035.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Collaco JM, McGrath-Morrow SA. Respiratory Phenotypes for Preterm Infants, Children, and Adults: Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia and More. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2018;15:530–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu KY, Jensen EA, White AM, Wang Y, Biko DM, Nilan K, et al. Characterization of Disease Phenotype in Very Preterm Infants with Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201:1398–406.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yeh J, McGrath-Morrow SA, Collaco JM. Oxygen weaning after hospital discharge in children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:1206–11.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McGlynn JR, Aoyama BC, Martin A, Collaco JM, McGrath-Morrow SA. Outpatient respiratory outcomes in children with BPD on supplemental oxygen. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2023;58:1535–41.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Manimtim WM, Agarwal A, Alexiou S, Levin JC, Aoyama B, Austin ED, et al. Respiratory Outcomes for Ventilator-Dependent Children With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Pediatrics. 2023;151:e2022060651.

Tonson la Tour A, Spadola L, Sayegh Y, Combescure C, Pfister R, Argiroffo CB, et al. Chest CT in bronchopulmonary dysplasia: clinical and radiological correlations. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013;48:693–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kotecha SJ, Edwards MO, Watkins WJ, Henderson AJ, Paranjothy S, Dunstan FD, et al. Effect of preterm birth on later FEV1: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax. 2013;68:760–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Royce SG, Nold MF, Bui C, Donovan C, Lam M, Lamanna E, et al. Airway Remodeling and Hyperreactivity in a Model of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia and Their Modulation by IL-1 Receptor Antagonist. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2016;55:858–68.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nelin LD, Kielt MJ, Jebbia M, Jadcherla S, Shepherd EG. Bronchodilator responsiveness and dysanapsis in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. ERJ Open Res. 2022;8:00682-2021.

Mortola JP. Dysanaptic lung growth: an experimental and allometric approach. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1983;54:1236–41.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duke JW, Lewandowski AJ, Abman SH, Lovering AT. Physiological aspects of cardiopulmonary dysan