Ragnhild Nyhagen, MN, RN, is a PhD student at the Department of Research and Development, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, and at the Department of Nursing Science, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

Ingrid Egerod, PhD, RN, is a professor Emerita at the Department of Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark, and at the Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Tone Rustøen, PhD, RN, is a researcher at the Department of Research and Development, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, and a professor at the Department of Nursing Science, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

Anners Lerdal, PhD, RN, is research director of the Research Department, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway, and a professor at the Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

Marit Kirkevold, EdD, RN, is head of department at the Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway, and a professor at the Department of Nursing Science, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

This research was conducted with an educational grant for doctoral studies from Oslo University Hospital.

The authors have disclosed that they have no significant relationships with, or financial interest in, any commercial companies pertaining to this article.

Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Ragnhild Nyhagen, MN, RN, Department of Research and Development, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4956 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway ([email protected]).

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