Friedman JM, Halaas JL. Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature. 1998;395:763–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

La Cava A, Matarese G. The weight of leptin in immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2004;4:371–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Martin-Romero C, Santos-Alvarez J, Goberna R, Sanchez-Margalet V. Human leptin enhances activation and proliferation of human circulating T lymphocytes. Cell Immunol. 2000;199:15–24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fain JN, Madan AK, Hiler ML, Cheema P, Bahouth SW. Comparison of the release of adipokines by adipose tissue, adipose tissue matrix, and adipocytes from visceral and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissues of obese humans. Endocrinology. 2004;145:2273–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Margetic S, Gazzola C, Pegg GG, Hill RA. Leptin: a review of its peripheral actions and interactions. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002;26:1407–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Travers RL, Motta AC, Betts JA, Bouloumie A, Thompson D. The impact of adiposity on adipose tissue-resident lymphocyte activation in humans. Int J Obes. 2015;39:762–9.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Papathanassoglou E, El-Haschimi K, Li XC, Matarese G, Strom T, Mantzoros C. Leptin Receptor Expression and Signaling in Lymphocytes: Kinetics During Lymphocyte Activation, Role in Lymphocyte Survival, and Response to High Fat Diet in Mice. J Immunol. 2006;176:7745.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Procaccini C, La Rocca C, Carbone F, De Rosa V, Galgani M, Matarese G. Leptin as immune mediator: Interaction between neuroendocrine and immune system. Dev Comp Immunol. 2017;66:120–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mars M, de Graaf C, de Groot CP, van Rossum CT, Kok FJ. Fasting leptin and appetite responses induced by a 4-day 65%-energy-restricted diet. Int J Obes. 2006;30:122–8.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Haluzik M, Matoulek M, Svacina S, Hilgertova J, Haas T. The influence of short-term fasting on serum leptin levels, and selected hormonal and metabolic parameters in morbidly obese and lean females. Endocr Res. 2001;27:251–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dubuc GR, Phinney SD, Stern JS, Havel PJ. Changes of serum leptin and endocrine and metabolic parameters after 7 days of energy restriction in men and women. Metab Clin Exp. 1998;47:429–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boden G, Chen X, Mozzoli M, Ryan I. Effect of fasting on serum leptin in normal human subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:3419–23.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hashemi BB, Penkala JE, Vens C, Huls H, Cubbage M, Sams CF. T cell activation responses are differentially regulated during clinorotation and in spaceflight. FASEB J. 1999;13:2071–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lean ME, Han TS, Morrison CE. Waist circumference as a measure for indicating need for weight management. BMJ. 1995;311:158–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stevens J, Truesdale KP, McClain JE, Cai J. The definition of weight maintenance. Int J Obes. 2006;30:391–9.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Thompson D, Batterham AM, Bock S, Robson C, Stokes K. Assessment of low-to-moderate intensity physical activity thermogenesis in young adults using synchronized heart rate and accelerometry with branched-equation modeling. J Nutr. 2006;136:1037–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frayn KN. Calculation of substrate oxidation rates in vivo from gaseous exchange. J Appl Physiol. 1983;55:628–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Westerterp KR. Diet induced thermogenesis. Nutr Metab. 2004;1:5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Brooks GA, Butte NF, Rand WM, Flatt J-P, Caballero B. Chronicle of the Institute of Medicine physical activity recommendation: how a physical activity recommendation came to be among dietary recommendations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:921S.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Poslusna K, Ruprich J, de Vries JH, Jakubikova M, van’t Veer P. Misreporting of energy and micronutrient intake estimated by food records and 24 h recalls, control and adjustment methods in practice. Br J Nutr. 2009;101:S73–85. Suppl 2

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Glickman SG, Marn CS, Supiano MA, Dengel DR. Validity and reliability of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for the assessment of abdominal adiposity. J Appl Physiol. 2004;97:509–14.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kelly TL, Wilson KE, Heymsfield SB. Dual energy X-Ray absorptiometry body composition reference values from NHANES. PloS One. 2009;4:e7038.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Walhin JP, Richardson JD, Betts JA, Thompson D. Exercise counteracts the effects of short-term overfeeding and reduced physical activity independent of energy imbalance in healthy young men. J Physiol. 2013;591:6231–43.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Trim WV, Walhin J-P, Koumanov F, Bouloumié A, Lindsay MA, Chen Y-C, et al. Divergent immunometabolic changes in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle with ageing in healthy humans. J Physiol. 2022;600:921–47.

Neville MJ, Collins JM, Gloyn AL, McCarthy MI, Karpe F. Comprehensive human adipose tissue mRNA and microRNA endogenous control selection for quantitative real-time-PCR normalization. Obesity. 2011;19:888–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods. 2001;25:402–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28:412–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Matsuda M, DeFronzo RA. Insulin sensitivity indices obtained from oral glucose tolerance testing: comparison with the euglycemic insulin clamp. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:1462–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972;18:499–502.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lord GM, Matarese G, Howard JK, Baker RJ, Bloom SR, Lechler RI. Leptin modulates the T-cell immune response and reverses starvation-induced immunosuppression. Nature. 1998;394:897–901.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Rosa V, Procaccini C, Cali G, Pirozzi G, Fontana S, Zappacosta S, et al. A key role of leptin in the control of regulatory T cell proliferation. Immunity. 2007;26:241–55.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yoo HS, Lee K, Na K, Zhang YX, Lim H-J, Yi T, et al. Mesenchymal stromal cells inhibit CD25 expression via the mTOR pathway to potentiate T-cell suppression. Cell Death Dis. 2017;8:e2632–e2632.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sánchez-Margalet V, Martín-Romero C, González-Yanes C, Goberna R, Rodríguez-Baño J, Muniain MA. Leptin receptor (Ob-R) expression is induced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by in vitro activation and in vivo in HIV-infected patients. Clin Exp Immunol. 2002;129:119–24.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Saucillo DC, Gerriets VA, Sheng J, Rathmell JC, Maciver NJ. Leptin metabolically licenses T cells for activation to link nutrition and immunity. J Immunol. 2014;192:136–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Paz-Filho G, Mastronardi C, Franco CB, Wang KB, Wong ML, Licinio J. Leptin: molecular mechanisms, systemic pro-inflammatory effects, and clinical implications. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2012;56:597–607.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sheridan PA, Paich HA, Handy J, Karlsson EA, Hudgens MG, Sammon AB, et al. Obesity is associated with impaired immune response to influenza vaccination in humans. Int J Obes. 2012;36:1072–7.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Trim WV, Lynch L. Immune and non-immune functions of adipose tissue leukocytes. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021;22:371–86.

Rebello CJ, Kirwan JP, Greenway FL. Obesity, the most common comorbidity in SARS-CoV-2: is leptin the link? Int J Obes. 2020;44:1810–7.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mehrdad M, Norouzy A, Safarian M, Nikbakht HA, Gholamalizadeh M, Mahmoudi M. The antiviral immune defense may be adversely influenced by weight loss through a calorie restriction program in obese women. Am J Transl Res. 2021;13:10404–12.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar