Apgar V. A proposal for a new method of evaluation of the newborn infant. Curr Res Anesth Analg. 1953;32:260–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Behnke M, Eyler FD, Carter RL, Hardt NS, Cruz AC, Resnick MB. Predictive value of Apgar scores for developmental outcome in premature infants. Am J Perinatol. 1989;6:18–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mosalli R. Whole body cooling for infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. J Clin Neonatol. 2012;1:101–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ehrenstein V, Pedersen L, Grijota M, Nielsen GL, Rothman KJ, Sørensen HT. Association of Apgar score at five minutes with long-term neurologic disability and cognitive function in a prevalence study of Danish conscripts. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2009;9:14.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Razaz N, Cnattingius S, Persson M, Tedroff K, Lisonkova S, Joseph KS. One-minute and five-minute Apgar scores and child developmental health at 5 years of age: a population-based cohort study in British Columbia, Canada. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e027655.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Razaz N, Norman M, Alfvén T, Cnattingius S. Low Apgar score and asphyxia complications at birth and risk of longer-term cardiovascular disease: a nationwide population-based study of term infants. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2022;24:100532.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rozycki HJ, Yitayew M. The Apgar score in clinical research: for what, how and by whom it is used. J Perinat Med. 2022;51:580–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roy B, Webb A, Walker K, Morgan C, Badawi N, Novak I. Risk factors for perinatal stroke in term infants: a case-control study in Australia. J Paediatr Child Health. 2023;59:673–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Razaz N, Cnattingius S, Joseph KS. Association between Apgar scores of 7 to 9 and neonatal mortality and morbidity: population based cohort study of term infants in Sweden. BMJ. 2019;365:l1656.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arpino C, Domizio S, Carrieri MP, Brescianini DS, Sabatino MG, Curatolo P. Prenatal and perinatal determinants of neonatal seizures occurring in the first week of life. J Child Neurol. 2001;16:651–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Siddiqui A, Cuttini M, Wood R, Velebil P, Delnord M, Zile I, et al. Can the Apgar score be used for international comparisons of newborn health? Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2017;31:338–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Donnell CP, Kamlin CO, Davis PG, Carlin JB, Morley CJ. Interobserver variability of the 5-minute Apgar score. J Pediatr. 2006;149:486–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lopriore E, van Burk GF, Walther FJ, de Beaufort AJ. Correct use of the Apgar score for resuscitated and intubated newborn babies: questionnaire study. BMJ. 2004;329:143–4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Casey BM, McIntire DD, Leveno KJ. The continuing value of the Apgar score for the assessment of newborn infants. N. Engl J Med. 2001;344:467–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

DeLong ER, DeLong DM, Clarke-Pearson DL. Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach. Biometrics. 1988;44:837–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Drage JS, Kennedy C, Schwarz BK. The Apgar score as an index of neonatal mortality: a report from the collaborative study of cerebral palsy. Obstet Gynecol. 1964;24:222–30.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Drage JS, Kennedy C, Berendes H, Schwarz BK, Weiss W. The Apgar score as an index of infant morbidity. A report from the collaborative study of cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1966;8:141–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Persson M, Razaz N, Tedroff K, Joseph KS, Cnattingius S. Five and 10 min Apgar scores and risks of cerebral palsy and epilepsy: population based cohort study in Sweden. BMJ. 2018;360:k207.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jenabi E, Ayubi E, Farashi S, Bashirian S, Mehri F. The neonatal risk factors associated with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: an umbrella review. Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01396.

da Silva Júnior IF, Costa FDS, Correa MB, de Barros FCLF, Santos IDSD, Matijasevich A, et al. Pre-, Peri-, and Postnatal risk for the development of enamel defects in permanent dentition: a birth cohort in Southern Brazil. Pediatr Dent. 2023;45:328–35.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kampitsi CE, Nordgren A, Mogensen H, Pontén E, Feychting M, Tettamanti G. Neurocutaneous syndromes, perinatal factors, and the risk of childhood cancer in Sweden. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6:e2325482.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mitselou N, Hallberg J, Stephansson O, Almqvist C, Melén E, Ludvigsson JF. Cesarean delivery, preterm birth, and risk of food allergy: Nationwide Swedish cohort study of more than 1 million children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;142:1510–14.e2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Modabbernia A, Sandin S, Gross R, Leonard H, Gissler M, Parner ET, et al. Apgar score and risk of autism. Eur J Epidemiol. 2019;34:105–14.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burgmaier K, Kunzmann K, Ariceta G, Bergmann C, Buescher AK, Burgmaier M, et al. Risk factors for early dialysis dependency in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. J Pediatr. 2018;199:22–8.e6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mocanu V, Horhat R. Prevalence and risk factors of amblyopia among refractive errors in an Eastern European Population. Medicina. 2018;54:6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moftian N, Samad Soltani T, Mirnia K, Esfandiari A, Tabib MS, Rezaei Hachesu P. Clinical risk factors for early-onset sepsis in neonates: an international delphi study. Iran J Med Sci. 2023;48:57–69.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Takaya A, Igarashi M, Nakajima M, Miyake H, Shima Y, Suzuki S. Risk factors for transient tachypnea of the newborn in infants delivered vaginally at 37 weeks or later. J Nippon Med Sch. 2008;75:269–73.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Altman M, Vanpée M, Cnattingius S, Norman M. Risk factors for acute respiratory morbidity in moderately preterm infants. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2013;27:172–81.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oliveira CPL, Flôr-de-Lima F, Rocha GMD, Machado AP, Guimarães Pereira Areias MHF. Meconium aspiration syndrome: risk factors and predictors of severity. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019;32:1492–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang J, Mu K, Wei L, Fan C, Zhang R, Wang L. A prediction nomogram for moderate-to-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants < 32 weeks of gestation: a multicenter retrospective study. Front Pediatr. 2023;11:1102878n.

Article  Google Scholar 

Schifrin BS, Ater S. Fetal hypoxic and ischemic injuries. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2006;18:112–22.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kordasz M, Racine M, Szavay P, Lehner M, Krebs T, Luckert C, et al. Risk factors for mortality in preterm infants with necrotizing enterocolitis: a retrospective multicenter analysis. Eur J Pediatr. 2022;181:933–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ying GS, Bell EF, Donohue P, Tomlinson LA, Binenbaum G, G-ROP Research Group. Perinatal risk factors for the retinopathy of prematurity in postnatal growth and rop study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2019;26:270–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Szpecht D, Szymankiewicz M, Nowak I, Gadzinowski J. Intraventricular hemorrhage in neonates born before 32 weeks of gestation-retrospective analysis of risk factors. Childs Nerv Syst. 2016;32:1399–404.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rüdiger M, Braun N, Aranda J, Aguar M, Bergert R, Bystricka A, et al. Neonatal assessment in the delivery room: Trial to Evaluate a Specified Type of Apgar (TEST-Apgar). BMC Pediatr. 2015;15:18.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dalili H, Sheikh M, Hardani AK, Nili F, Shariat M, Nayeri F. Comparison of the combined versus conventional Apgar scores in predicting adverse neonatal outcomes. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0149464.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Witcher TJ, Jurdi S, Kumar V, Gupta A, Moores RR Jr, Khoury J, et al. Neonatal resuscitation and adaptation score vs Apgar: newborn assessment and predictive ability. J Perinatol. 2018;38:1476–82.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schlattmann P. Statistics in diagnostic medicine. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2022;60:801–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Malley KJ, Cook KF, Price MD, Wildes KR, Hurdle JF, Ashton CM. Measuring diagnoses: ICD code accuracy. Health Serv Res. 2005;40:1620–39.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar