WHO (2021) Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How is it transmitted? The World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1. Accessed 12 Nov 2022
WHO (2020) Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): virus evolution. www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/sars-cov-2-evolution. Accessed 12 Nov 2022
Achaiah NC, Subbarajasetty SB, Shetty RM (2020) R0 and Re of COVID-19: Can we predict when the pandemic outbreak will be contained? Indian J Crit Care Med 24:1125–1127. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-jurnals-10071-23649
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Huang SW, Wang SF (2021) SARS-CoV-2 entry related viral and host genetic variations: Implications on COVID-19 severity, immune escape, and infectivity. Int J Mol Sci 22:3060
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Izurieta R, Gardellini T, Campos A, Parikh J (2022) Biological determinants of emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants. IntechOpen, London. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104758
Lee JS, Yun KW, Jeong H, Kim B, Kim MJ, Park JH, Shin HS, Oh HS, Sung H, Song MG et al (2022) SARS-CoV-2 shedding dynamics and transmission in immunosuppressed patients. Virulence 13:1242–1251. https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2022.2101198
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Letizia AG, Smith DR, Ge Y, Ramos I, Sealfon RSG, Goforth C, Gonzalez-Reiche AS, Vangeti S, Weir DL, Alshammary H et al (2021) Viable virus shedding during SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. Lancet Respir Med 9:e56–e57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00219-8
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kim KW, Wang X, Adhikari A, Yeang M, Jenkins F, Naing Z, Walker GJ, Foster CSP, Stelzer-Braid S, Deveson I et al (2022) Persistent high-level shedding of cultivable SARS-CoV-2 Delta virus 33 days after onset of COVID-19 in a hospitalized patient with pneumonia. J Med Virol 94:4043–4046. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27832
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Falahi S, Kenarkoohi A (2020) COVID-19 reinfection: Prolonged shedding or true reinfection? New Microbes New Infect 38:100812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100812
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Long H, Zhao J, Zeng HL, Lu QB, Fang LQ, Wang Q, Wu QM, Liu W (2021) Prolonged viral shedding of SARS-CoV-2 and related factors in symptomatic COVID-19 patients: a prospective study. BMC Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-07002-w
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jariwal R, Raza N, Valdez M, Aboeed A, Garcia-Pacheco R (2021) Prolonged SARS-CoV2 viral shedding in an elderly patient. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.15128
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sanyaolu A, Marinkovic A, Prakash S, Haider N, Williams M, Okorie C, Badaru O, Smith S (2022) SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529): a concern with immune escape. World J Virol 11:137–143. https://doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v11.i3.137
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
WHO (2023) XBB.1.5 rapid risk assessment, 11 January 2023. The World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/11jan2023_xbb15_rapid_risk_assessment.pdf. Accessed 14 Jan 2023
Ravi V, Saxena S, Panda PS (2022) Basic virology of SARS-CoV 2. Indian J Med Microbiol 40:182–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmmb.2022.02.005
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cevik M, Kuppalli K, Kindrachuk J, Peiris M (2020) Virology, transmission, and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3862
WHO (2020) Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard. The World Health Organization. https://covid19.who.int/info. Accessed 14 Nov 2022
Cao B, Jing X, Liu Y, Wen R, Wang C (2022) Comparison of laboratory parameters in mild vs. severe cases and died vs. survived patients with COVID-19: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thorac Dis 14:1478–1487. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd-22-345
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Çalıca Utku A, Budak G, Karabay O, Güçlü E, Okan HD, Vatan A (2020) Main symptoms in patients presenting in the COVID-19 period. Scott Med J 65:127–132. https://doi.org/10.1177/0036933020949253
Esakandari H, Nabi-Afjadi M, Fakkari-Afjadi J, Farahmandian N, Miresmaeili SM, Bahreini E (2020) A comprehensive review of COVID-19 characteristics. Biol Proced Online 22:19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12575-020-00128-2
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Paules CI, Marston HD, Fauci AS (2020) Coronavirus infections-more than just the common cold. JAMA 323:707–708. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.0757
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Plebani M (2021) Persistent viral RNA shedding in COVID-19: caution, not fear. EBioMedicine 64:103234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Loeffelholz MJ, Tang YW (2021) Detection of SARS-CoV-2 at the point of care. Bioanalysis 13:1213–1223. https://doi.org/10.4155/bio-2021-0078
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Batra A, Clark JR, Kang AK, Ali S, Patel TR, Shlobin NA, Hoffman SC, Lim PH, Orban ZS, Visvabharathy L et al (2022) Persistent viral RNA shedding of SARS-CoV-2 is associated with delirium incidence and six-month mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Geroscience 44:1241–1254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-022-00561
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Owusu D, Pomeroy MA, Lewis NM, Wadhwa A, Yousaf AR, Whitaker B, Dietrich E, Hall AJ, Chu V, Thornburg N et al (2021) Persistent SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding without evidence of infectiousness: a cohort study of individuals with COVID-19. J Infect Dis 224:1362–1371. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab107
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Munker D, Osterman A, Stubbe H, Muenchhoff M, Veit T, Weinberger T, Barnikel M, Mumm JN, Milger K, Khatamzas E et al (2021) Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 shedding in the respiratory tract depends on the severity of disease in COVID-19 patients. Eur Respir J 58:2002724
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lu Y, Li Y, Deng W, Liu M, He Y, Huang L, Lv M, Li J, Du H (2020) Symptomatic infection is associated with prolonged duration of viral shedding in mild coronavirus disease 2019: a retrospective study of 110 children in Wuhan. Pediatr Infect Dis J 39:e95–e99. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000002729
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jacobsen H, Klein SL (2021) Sex differences in immunity to viral infections. Front Immunol 12:720952. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.720952
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Torcia MG, Nencioni L, Clemente AM, Civitelli L, Celestino I, Limongi D, Fadigati G, Perissi E, Cozzolino F, Garaci E et al (2012) Sex differences in the response to viral infections: TLR8 and TLR9 ligand stimulation induce higher IL10 production in males. PLoS ONE 7:e39853. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039853
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Taneja V (2018) Sex hormones determine immune response. Front Immunol 9:1931. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01931
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhang Y, Cen M, Hu M, Du L, Hu W, Kim JJ, Dai N (2021) Prevalence and persistent shedding of fecal SARS-CoV-2 RNA in patients with COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 12:e00343. https://doi.org/10.14309/ctg.0000000000000343
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Yan D, Liu XY, Zhu YN, Huang L, Dan BT, Zhang GJ, Gao YH (2020) Factors associated with prolonged viral shedding and impact of lopinavir/ritonavir treatment in hospitalised non-critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur Respir J 56:2000799. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00799-2020
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Song KH, Kim DM, Lee H, Ham SY, Oh SM, Jeong H, Jung J, Kang CK, Park JY, Kang YM et al (2021) Dynamics of viral load and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in patients with positive RT-PCR results after recovery from COVID-19. KJIM 36:11–14. https://doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2020.325
Harari S, Tahor M, Rutsinsky N, Meijer S, Miller D, Hening O, Halutz O, Levytskyi K, Ben-Ami R, Adler A et al (2022) Drivers of adaptive evolution during chronic SARS-CoV-2 infections. Nat Med 28:1501–1508. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01882-4
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lythgoe KA, Hall M, Ferretti L, de Cesare M, MacIntyre-Cockett G, Trebes A, Andersson M, Otecko N, Wise EL, Moore N, Lynch J (2021) SARS-CoV-2 within-host diversity and transmission. Science 372:eabg0821. https://doi.org/10.1126/Science.Abg0821
留言 (0)