Harvard University, 58 Plympton Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA

Ashley M. Cooper MS, MPhil

Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

Anthony Zhong MA, Lisa Wong MD & David S. Jones MD, PhD

Stanford University School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA

Bhav Jain BS

Arts and Humanities Initiative, Harvard Medical School, 641 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

Lisa Wong MD & David S. Jones MD, PhD

Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 641 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

David S. Jones MD, PhD

Department of the History of Science, Harvard University, 1 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA

David S. Jones MD, PhD

All authors contributed substantially to the manuscript. The study was conceived by AMC and AZ, with input and supervision from DSJ. Data collection was performed by AMC, AZ, and BJ and data analysis was conducted by BJ. LW and DSJ provided critical review and data interpretation. The bulk of the manuscript was written by AMC, AZ, and BJ with critical input from all the authors. Each author read and approved the final submitted manuscript.