Iglehart JK. Health reform, primary care, and graduate medical education. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(6):584-590.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chaiyachati KH, Shea JA, Asch DA, et al. Assessment of inpatient time allocation among first-year internal medicine residents using time-motion observations. JAMA Intern Med. 2019;179(6):760-767.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cheung K, Tamura P, Malik Z, et al. Barriers and motivators to specializing in geriatrics and strategies for recruitment: scoping review. Gerontol Geriatr Educ. Published online May 23, 2022:1–17.

Raj M, Platt JE, Anthony DL, Fitzgerald JT, Lee SYD. Exploring how personal, social, and institutional characteristics contribute to geriatric medicine subspecialty decisions: A qualitative study of trainees’ perceptions. Acad Med. 2021;96(3):425-432.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jester DJ, Hyer K, Guerra L, Robinson BE, Andel R. Beliefs regarding geriatrics primary care topics among medical students and internal medicine residents. Gerontol Geriatr Educ. 2021;42(1):46-58.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Callahan EJ, Bertakis KD, Azari R, Robbins JA, Helms LJ, Chang DW. The influence of patient age on primary care resident physician-patient interaction. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(1):30-35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hess BJ, Lynn LA, Conforti LN, Holmboe ES. Listening to older adults: elderly patients’ experience of care in residency and practicing physician outpatient clinics. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59(5):909-915.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Siegler EL, Jalali C, Finkelstein E, et al. Assessing effectiveness of a geriatrics rotation for second-year internal medicine residents. J Grad Med Educ. 2014;6(3):521-525.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Callahan KE, Wilson LA, Pavon JM, et al. Internal medicine residents’ ambulatory management of core geriatric conditions. J Grad Med Educ. 2017;9(3):338-344.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

ACGME Program Requirements for Graduate Medical Education in Internal Medicine. Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Published July 1, 2022. Accessed April 5, 2023. https://www.acgme.org/globalassets/pfassets/programrequirements/140_internalmedicine_2022v4.pdf

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Bureau of Health Processions National Center for Health Workforce Analysis. Exhibit 2. 11. Estimated percentage of physician’s time spent providing care to patients, by age of patient. Changing Demographics: Implications for Physicians, Nurses, and Other Health Workers. Vol Section 2: Aging of the Population. Accessed May 12, 2020. http://bhpr.hrsa.gov/healthworkforce/reports/changedemo/images/2.11.htm

Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Manns BJ, et al. Comparison of the complexity of patients seen by different medical subspecialists in a universal health care system. JAMA Network Open. 2018;1(7):e184852-e184852.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Williams BC, Warshaw G, Fabiny AR, et al. Medicine in the 21st century: recommended essential geriatrics competencies for internal medicine and family medicine residents. J Grad Med Educ. 2010;2(3):373-383.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Warshaw GA, Bragg EJ, Thomas DC, Ho ML, Brewer DE. Are internal medicine residency programs adequately preparing physicians to care for the baby boomers? A national survey from the Association of Directors of Geriatric Academic Programs Status of Geriatrics Workforce Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54(10):1603-1609.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jahnigen D. Geriatric education for internal medicine residents. Am J Med. 1994;97(4A):43S-45S.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simon SR, Fabiny AR, Kotch J. Geriatrics training in general internal medicine fellowship programs: current practice, barriers, and strategies for improvement. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139(7):621-627.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gillespie SM, Brandt LE, Chang A, et al. Staying in the game: the 10-step approach to sustaining geriatrics education in hospitalists and subspecialty providers. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62(8):1575-1582.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meiboom A, Diedrich C, Vries HD, Hertogh C, Scheele F. The hidden curriculum of the medical care for elderly patients in medical education: a qualitative study. Gerontol Geriatr Educ. 2015;36(1):30-44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Landefeld CS, Callahan CM, Woolard N. General internal medicine and geriatrics: building a foundation to improve the training of general internists in the care of older adults. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139(7):609-614.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thomas DC, Leipzig RM, Smith LG, Dunn K, Sullivan G, Callahan E. Improving geriatrics training in internal medicine residency programs: best practices and sustainable solutions. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139(7):628-634.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Higashi RT, Tillack AA, Steinman M, Harper M, Johnston CB. Elder care as “frustrating” and “boring”: understanding the persistence of negative attitudes toward older patients among physicians-in-training. J Aging Stud. 2012;26(4):476-483.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loewenthal J, Beltran CP, Schwartz AW, Ramani S. An age-friendly residency: Geriatrician and internist perspectives on geriatric education in an internal medicine residency. J Am Geriatr Soc. Published online March 22, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.18315

Han PKJ. Conceptual, methodological, and ethical problems in communicating uncertainty in clinical evidence. Med Care Res Rev. 2013;70(1 Suppl):14S-36S.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chang A, Fernandez H, Cayea D, et al. Complexity in graduate medical education: a collaborative education agenda for internal medicine and geriatric medicine. J Gen Intern Med. 2014;29(6):940-946.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hillen MA, Gutheil CM, Strout TD, Smets EMA, Han PKJ. Tolerance of uncertainty: Conceptual analysis, integrative model, and implications for healthcare. Soc Sci Med. 2017;180:62-75.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reis-Dennis S, Gerrity MS, Geller G. Tolerance for uncertainty and professional development: A normative analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2021;36(8):2408-2413.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Strout TD, Hillen M, Gutheil C, et al. Tolerance of uncertainty: A systematic review of health and healthcare-related outcomes. Patient Educ Couns. 2018;101(9):1518-1537.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bhise V, Rajan SS, Sittig DF, Morgan RO, Chaudhary P, Singh H. Defining and measuring diagnostic uncertainty in medicine: A systematic review. J Gen Intern Med. 2018;33(1):103-115.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Beresford EB. Uncertainty and the shaping of medical decisions. Hastings Cent Rep. 1991;21(4):6-11.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wray CM, Loo LK. The diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of medical uncertainty. J Grad Med Educ. 2015;7(4):523-527.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gheihman G, Johnson M, Simpkin AL. Twelve tips for thriving in the face of clinical uncertainty. Med Teach. 2020;42(5):493-499.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simpkin AL, Khan A, West DC, et al. Stress from uncertainty and resilience among depressed and burned out residents: a cross-sectional study. Acad Pediatr. 2018;18(6):698-704.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Outcomes for Graduates. General Medical Council. Published February 25, 2020. Accessed June 1, 2023. https://www.gmc-uk.org/education/standards-guidance-and-curricula/standards-and-outcomes/outcomes-for-graduates/outcomes-for-graduates

Internal Medicine Milestones. Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Published November 2020. Accessed June 1, 2023. https://www.acgme.org/globalassets/PDFs/Milestones/InternalMedicineMilestones2.0.pdf

Perni S, Pollack LR, Gonzalez WC, Dzeng E, Baldwin MR. Moral distress and burnout in caring for older adults during medical school training. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20(1):84.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Berger JT. Moral distress in medical education and training. J Gen Intern Med. 2014;29(2):395-398.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wocial LD, Slaven JE, Montz K, et al. Factors associated with physician moral distress caring for hospitalized elderly patients needing a surrogate decision-maker: A prospective study. J Gen Intern Med. 2020;35(5):1405-1412.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Camp ME, Jeon-Slaughter H, Johnson AE, Sadler JZ. Medical student reflections on geriatrics: Moral distress, empathy, ethics and end of life. In: Clinical Education in Geriatrics. Routledge; 2020:116–129. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429330407-11

Tavakol M, Sandars J. Quantitative and qualitative methods in medical education research: AMEE Guide No 90: Part II. Med Teach. 2014;36(10):838-848.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fulmer T, Mate KS, Berman A. The Age-Friendly Health System Imperative. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018;66(1):22-24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gale NK, Heath G, Cameron E, Rashid S, Redwood S. Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2013;13:117.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Han PKJ, Klein WMP, Arora NK. Varieties of uncertainty in health care: a conceptual taxonomy. Med Decis Making. 2011;31(6):828-838.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Helou MA, DiazGranados D, Ryan MS, Cyrus JW. Uncertainty in decision making in medicine. Acad Med. 2020;95(1):157-165.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central