M.C. Thomas, M.E. Cooper, P. Zimmet, Changing epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated chronic kidney disease. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 12, 73–81 (2016)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

H. Li, W. Lu, A. Wang, H. Jiang, J. Lyu, Changing epidemiology of chronic kidney disease as a result of type 2 diabetes mellitus from 1990 to 2017: estimates from Global Burden of Disease 2017. J. Diabetes Investig. 12, 346–356 (2021)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

J.L. Harding, M.E. Pavkov, D.J. Magliano, J.E. Shaw, E.W. Gregg, Global trends in diabetes complications: a review of current evidence. Diabetologia 62, 3–16 (2019)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

R. Retnakaran, C.A. Cull, K.I. Thorne, A.I. Adler, R.R. Holman, UKPDS Study Group: risk factors for renal dysfunction in type 2 diabetes: U.K. Prospect. Diabetes Study 74. Diabetes 55, 1832–1839 (2006)

CAS  Google Scholar 

G. Penno, A. Solini, E. Bonora, C. Fondelli, E. Orsi, G. Zerbini et al. Clinical significance of nonalbuminuric renal impairment in type 2 diabetes. J. Hypertens. 29, 1802–1809 (2011)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

R.Z. Alicic, E.J. Cox, J.J. Neumiller, K.R. Tuttle, Incretin drugs in diabetic kidney disease: biological mechanisms and clinical evidence. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 17, 227–244 (2021)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

S. Zoungas, H. Arima, H.C. Gerstein, R.R. Holman, M. Woodward, P. Reaven et al. Effects of intensive glucose control on microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised controlled trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 5, 431–437 (2017)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

I. Caruso, F. Giorgino, SGLT-2 inhibitors as cardio-renal protective agents. Metabolism 127, 154937 (2022)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

I. Caruso, A. Cignarelli, F. Giorgino, Heterogeneity and similarities in GLP-1 receptor agonist cardiovascular outcomes trials. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 30, 578–589 (2019)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

I. Caruso, A. Cignarelli, L. Laviola, F. Giorgino, GLP-1 receptor agonists for cardiovascular protection: a matter of time. Diabetes Care 45, e30–e31 (2022)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

N. Sattar, M.M.Y. Lee, S.L. Kristensen, K.R.H. Branch, S. Del Prato, N.S. Khurmi et al. Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 9(10), 653–662 (2021)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

M.H.A. Muskiet, L. Tonneijck, Y. Huang, M. Liu, A. Saremi, H.J.L. Heerspink et al. Lixisenatide and renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and acute coronary syndrome: an exploratory analysis of the ELIXA randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 6, 859–869 (2018)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

J.B. Buse, S.C. Bain, J.F.E. Mann, M.A. Nauck, S.E. Nissen, S. Pocock et al. Cardiovascular risk reduction with liraglutide: an exploratory mediation analysis of the LEADER Trial. Diabetes Care 43, 1546–1552 (2020)

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

F. Persson, S.C. Bain, O. Mosenzon, H.J.L. Heerspink, J.F.E. Mann, R. Pratley et al. Changes in albuminuria predict cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a post hoc analysis of the LEADER Trial. Diabetes Care 44, 1020–1026 (2021)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

S.C. Tye, S.T. de Vries, J.F.E. Mann, M. Schechter, O. Mosenzon, P. Denig et al. Prediction of the effects of liraglutide on kidney and cardiovascular outcomes based on short-term changes in multiple risk markers. Front Pharm. 13, 786767 (2022)

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

J.F.E. Mann, D.D. Ørsted, K. Brown-Frandsen, S.P. Marso, N.R. Poulter, S. Rasmussen et al. Liraglutide and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 377, 839–848 (2017)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

J.F.E. Mann, T. Hansen, T. Idorn, L.A. Leiter, S.P. Marso, P. Rossing et al. Effects of once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide on kidney function and safety in patients with type 2 diabetes: a post-hoc analysis of the SUSTAIN 1-7 randomised controlled trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 8, 880–893 (2020)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

K.R. Tuttle, H. Bosch-Traberg, D.Z.I. Cherney, S. Hadjadj, J. Lawson, O. Mosenzon et al. Post hoc analysis of SUSTAIN 6 and PIONEER 6 trials suggests that people with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk treated with semaglutide experience more stable kidney function compared with placebo. Kidney Int. 103, 772–781 (2023)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

A.M. Shaman, S.C. Bain, G.L. Bakris, J.B. Buse, T. Idorn, K.W. Mahaffey et al. Effect of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists semaglutide and liraglutide on kidney outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: pooled analysis of SUSTAIN 6 and LEADER. Circulation 145, 575–585 (2022)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

H.C. Gerstein, H.M. Colhoun, G.R. Dagenais, R. Diaz, M. Lakshmanan, P. Pais et al. Dulaglutide and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an exploratory analysis of the REWIND randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 394, 131–138 (2019)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O. Mosenzon, M. Schechter, G. Leibowitz, Kidney outcomes with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes. Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis. 28, 347–360 (2021)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

M.A. Bethel, R.J. Mentz, P. Merrill, J.B. Buse, J.C. Chan, S.G. Goodman et al. Renal outcomes in the EXenatide Study of Cardiovascular Event Lowering (EXSCEL). Diabetes 67, 522–P (2018)

Article  Google Scholar 

A.B. van der Aart-van der Beek, L.E. Clegg, R.C. Penland, D.W. Boulton, C.D. Sjöström, R.J. Mentz et al. Effect of once-weekly exenatide on estimated glomerular filtration rate slope depends on baseline renal risk: a post hoc analysis of the EXSCEL trial. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 22, 2493–2498 (2020)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

S. Yoshiji, H. Minamino, D. Tanaka, S. Yamane, N. Harada, N. Inagaki, Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on cardiovascular and renal outcomes: a meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 24, 1029–1037 (2022)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

J.F.E. Mann, J.B. Buse, T. Idorn, L.A. Leiter, R.E. Pratley, S. Rasmussen et al. Potential kidney protection with liraglutide and semaglutide: exploratory mediation analysis. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 23, 2058–2066 (2021)

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

D.K. McGuire, R.P. Busui, J. Deanfield, S.E. Inzucchi, J.F.E. Mann, N. Marx et al. Effects of oral semaglutide on cardiovascular outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes and established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and/or chronic kidney disease: design and baseline characteristics of SOUL, a randomized trial. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 25, 1932–1941 (2023)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

M.J. Davies, S.C. Bain, S.L. Atkin, P. Rossing, D. Scott, M.S. Shamkhalova et al. Efficacy and safety of liraglutide versus placebo as add-on to glucose-lowering therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate renal impairment (LIRA-RENAL): a randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care 39, 222–230 (2016)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

L.A. Leiter, M.C. Carr, M. Stewart, A. Jones-Leone, R. Scott, F. Yang et al. Efficacy and safety of the once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist albiglutide versus sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment: a randomized phase III study. Diabetes Care 37, 2723–2730 (2014)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O. Mosenzon, T.M. Blicher, S. Rosenlund, J.W. Eriksson, S. Heller, O.H. Hels et al. Efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate renal impairment (PIONEER 5): a placebo-controlled, randomised, phase 3a trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 7, 515–527 (2019)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

K.R. Tuttle, M.C. Lakshmanan, B. Rayner, R.S. Busch, A.G. Zimmermann, D.B. Woodward et al. Dulaglutide versus insulin glargine in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease (AWARD-7): a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 6, 605–617 (2018)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

P. Rossing, F.M.M. Baeres, G. Bakris, H. Bosch-Traberg, M. Gislum, S.C.L. Gough et al. The rationale, design and baseline data of FLOW, a kidney outcomes trial with once-weekly semaglutide in people with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Nephrol. Dial. Transpl. 38(9), 2041–2051 (2023)

Article  Google Scholar 

I. Caruso, A. Cignarelli, G.P. Sorice, A. Natalicchio, S. Perrini, L. Laviola et al. Cardiovascular and renal effectiveness of GLP-1 receptor agonists vs. other glucose-lowering drugs in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of real-world studies. Metabolites 12(2), 183 (2022)

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

M. Rondinelli, A. Rossi, A. Gandolfi, F. Saponaro, L. Bucciarelli, G. Adda et al. Use of liraglutide in the real world and impact at 36 months on metabolic control, weight, lipid profile, blood pressure, heart rate, and renal function. Clin. Ther. 39, 159–169 (2017)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

B. Pasternak, V. Wintzell, B. Eliasson, A.-M. Svensson, S. Franzén, S. Gudbjörnsdottir et al. Use of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and risk of serious renal events: Scandinavian cohort study. Diabetes Care 43, 1326–1335 (2020)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

M. Lugner, N. Sattar, M. Miftaraj, J. Ekelund, S. Franzén, A.-M. Svensson et al. Cardiorenal and other diabetes related outcomes with SGLT-2 inhibitors compared to GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: nationwide observational study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 20, 67 (2021)

Article  CAS