Bell EF, Hintz SR, Hansen NI, Bann CM, Wyckoff MH, DeMauro SB, et al. Mortality, In-Hospital Morbidity, Care Practices, and 2-Year Outcomes for Extremely Preterm Infants in the US, 2013-2018. JAMA. 2022;327:248–63.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baraldi E, Filippone M. Chronic lung disease after premature birth. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1946–55.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Day CL, Ryan RM. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: new becomes old again! Pediatr Res. 2017;81:210–13.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

DeMauro SB. The Impact of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia on Childhood Outcomes. Clin Perinatol. 2018;45:439–52.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harris C, Morris S, Lunt A, Peacock J, Greenough A. Influence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia on lung function in adolescents who were born extremely prematurely. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2022;57:3151–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Van Marter LJ, Kuban KC, Allred E, Bose C, Dammann O, O’Shea M, et al. Does bronchopulmonary dysplasia contribute to the occurrence of cerebral palsy among infants born before 28 weeks of gestation? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2011;96:F20–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yallapragada SG, Savani RC, Goss KN. Cardiovascular impact and sequelae of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021;56:3453–63.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Álvarez-Fuente M, Arruza L, Muro M, Zozaya C, Avila A, López-Ortego P, et al. The economic impact of prematurity and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Eur J Pediatr. 2017;176:1587–93.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gilfillan M, Bhandari A, Bhandari V. Diagnosis and management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. BMJ. 2021;375:n1974.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Laughon MM, Langer JC, Bose CL, Smith PB, Ambalavanan N, Kennedy KA, et al. Prediction of bronchopulmonary dysplasia by postnatal age in extremely premature infants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:1715–22.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jensen EA, Foglia EE, Schmidt B. Evidence-Based Pharmacologic Therapies for Prevention of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Application of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation Methodology. Clin Perinatol. 2015;42:755–79.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baud O, Maury L, Lebail F, Ramful D, El Moussawi F, Nicaise C, et al. Effect of early low-dose hydrocortisone on survival without bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely preterm infants (PREMILOC): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre, randomised trial. Lancet. 2016;387:1827–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shaffer ML, Baud O, Lacaze-Masmonteil T, Peltoniemi OM, Bonsante F, Watterberg KL. Effect of Prophylaxis for Early Adrenal Insufficiency Using Low-Dose Hydrocortisone in Very Preterm Infants: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis. J Pediatr. 2019;207:136–42.e5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Owen LS, Manley BJ, Davis PG, Doyle LW. The evolution of modern respiratory care for preterm infants. Lancet. 2017;389:1649–59.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McEvoy CT, Jain L, Schmidt B, Abman S, Bancalari E, Aschner JL. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: NHLBI Workshop on the Primary Prevention of Chronic Lung Diseases. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2014;11:S146–53.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wright CJ, Kirpalani H. Targeting inflammation to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia: can new insights be translated into therapies? Pediatrics. 2011;128:111–26.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cummings JJ, Pramanik AK, FAAP; COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORN. Postnatal Corticosteroids to Prevent or Treat Chronic Lung Disease Following Preterm Birth. Pediatrics; 2022;149:e2022057530.

Watterberg KL, Scott SM. Evidence of early adrenal insufficiency in babies who develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics. 1995;95:120–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bagnoli F, Mori A, Fommei C, Coriolani G, Badii S, Tomasini B. ACTH and cortisol cord plasma concentrations in preterm and term infants. J Perinatol. 2013;33:520–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fenton TR, Kim JH. A systematic review and meta-analysis to revise the Fenton growth chart for preterm infants. BMC Pediatr. 2013;13:59.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jensen EA, Dysart K, Gantz MG, McDonald S, Bamat NA, Keszler M, et al. The Diagnosis of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Very Preterm Infants. An Evidence-based Approach. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;200:751–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Walsh MC, Yao Q, Gettner P, Hale E, Collins M, Hensman A, et al. Impact of a physiologic definition on bronchopulmonary dysplasia rates. Pediatrics. 2004;114:1305–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Papile LA, Burstein J, Burstein R, Koffler H. Incidence and evolution of subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage: a study of infants with birth weights less than 1,500 gm. J Pediatr. 1978;92:529–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bell MJ, Ternberg JL, Feigin RD, Keating JP, Marshall R, Barton L, et al. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Therapeutic decisions based upon clinical staging. Ann Surg. 1978;187:1–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Watterberg KL, Gerdes JS, Cole CH, Aucott SW, Thilo EH, Mammel MC, et al. Prophylaxis of early adrenal insufficiency to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a multicenter trial. Pediatrics. 2004;114:1649–57.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Watterberg KL, Walsh MC, Li L, Chawla S, D’Angio CT, Goldberg RN, et al. Hydrocortisone to Improve Survival without Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. N. Engl J Med. 2022;386:1121–31.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Onland W, Cools F, Kroon A, Rademaker K, Merkus MP, Dijk PH, et al. Effect of Hydrocortisone Therapy Initiated 7 to 14 Days After Birth on Mortality or Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Among Very Preterm Infants Receiving Mechanical Ventilation: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019;321:354–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Demauro SB, Dysart K, Kirpalani H. Stopping the swinging pendulum of postnatal corticosteroid use. J Pediatr. 2014;164:9–11.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cuna A, Lagatta JM, Savani RC, Vyas-Read S, Engle WA, Rose RS, et al. Association of time of first corticosteroid treatment with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021;56:3283–92.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Harmon HM, Jensen EA, Tan S, Chaudhary AS, Slaughter JL, Bell EF, et al. Timing of postnatal steroids for bronchopulmonary dysplasia: association with pulmonary and neurodevelopmental outcomes. J Perinatol. 2020;40:616–27.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huysman MW, Hokken-Koelega AC, De Ridder MA, Sauer PJ. Adrenal function in sick very preterm infants. Pediatr Res. 2000;48:629–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu G, Jaeger LA, Bazer FW, Rhoads JM. Arginine deficiency in preterm infants: biochemical mechanisms and nutritional implications. J Nutr Biochem. 2004;15:442–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Watterberg KL, Scott SM, Backstrom C, Gifford KL, Cook KL. Links between early adrenal function and respiratory outcome in preterm infants: airway inflammation and patent ductus arteriosus. Pediatrics. 2000;105:320–24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Clyman RI, Mauray F, Roman C, Rudolph AM, Heymann MA. Glucocorticoids alter the sensitivity of the lamb ductus arteriosus to prostaglandin E2. J Pediatr. 1981;98:126–28.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Greenberg RG, McDonald SA, Laughon MM, Tanaka D, Jensen E, Van Meurs K, et al. Online clinical tool to estimate risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2022:fetalneonatal-2021-323573. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2021-323573. Epub ahead of print.

Cuna A, Liu C, Govindarajan S, et al. Usefulness of an online risk estimator for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in predicting corticosteroid treatment in infants born preterm. J Pediatr. 2018;197:23–28.e2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baud O, Laughon M, Lehert P. Survival without bronchopulmonary dysplasia of extremely preterm infants: a predictive model at birth. Neonatology. 2021;118:385–93.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar