Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Death rate maps & graphs | drug overdose | CDC Injury Center. 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/deaths/index.html. Accessed 15 July 2022.

Spencer MR, Miniño, AM, Warner M. Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 2001–2021. Prod Data Briefs—Number 457; 2022. https://doi.org/10.15620/cdc:122556.

New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Unintentional drug poisoning (overdose) deaths in New York City in 2021. 2023.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2021 NSDUH annual national report | cBHSQ data. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2021-nsduh-annual-national-report. Accessed 25 Oct 2023.

Krawczyk N, Rivera BD, Jent V, Keyes KM, Jones CM, Cerdá M. Has the treatment gap for opioid use disorder narrowed in the US?: A yearly assessment from 2010 to 2019. Int J Drug Policy. 2022;110: 103786.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hawk KF, Glick RL, Jey AR, Gaylor S, Doucet J, Wilson MP, Rozel JS. Emergency medicine research priorities for early intervention for substance use disorders. West J Emerg Med. 2019;20:386–92.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ashford RD, Curtis B, Brown AM. Peer-delivered harm reduction and recovery support services: initial evaluation from a hybrid recovery community drop-in center and syringe exchange program. Harm Reduct J. 2018;15:52.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Powell KG, Treitler P, Peterson NA, Borys S, Hallcom D. Promoting opioid overdose prevention and recovery: an exploratory study of an innovative intervention model to address opioid abuse. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;64:21–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carey CW, Jones R, Yarborough H, Kahler Z, Moschella P, Lommel KM. 366 peer-to-peer addiction counseling initiated in the emergency department leads to high initial opioid recovery rates. Ann Emerg Med. 2018;72:S143–4.

Article  Google Scholar 

McGuire AB, Powell KG, Treitler PC, Wagner KD, Smith KP, Cooperman N, Robinson L, Carter J, Ray B, Watson DP. Emergency department-based peer support for opioid use disorder: emergent functions and forms. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2020;108:82–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Samuels EA, Baird J, Yang ES, Mello MJ. Adoption and utilization of an emergency department naloxone distribution and peer recovery coach consultation program. Acad Emerg Med Off J Soc Acad Emerg Med. 2019;26:160–73.

Article  Google Scholar 

Watson DP, Brucker K, McGuire A, et al. Replication of an emergency department-based recovery coaching intervention and pilot testing of pragmatic trial protocols within the context of Indiana’s opioid state targeted response plan. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2020;108:88–94.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Welch AE, Jeffers A, Allen B, Paone D, Kunins HV. Relay: a peer-delivered emergency department-based response to nonfatal opioid overdose. Am J Public Health. 2019;109:1392–5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. About screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT). 2022. https://www.samhsa.gov/sbirt/about. Accessed 15 July 2022.

Pringle JL, Kelley DK, Kearney SM, Aldridge A, Dowd W, Johnjulio W, Venkat A, Madden M, Lovelace J. Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment in the emergency department: an examination of health care utilization and costs. Med Care. 2018;56:146–52.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schmidt CS, Schulte B, Seo H-N, Kuhn S, O’Donnell A, Kriston L, Verthein U, Reimer J. Meta-analysis on the effectiveness of alcohol screening with brief interventions for patients in emergency care settings. Addiction. 2016;111:783–94.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hawk K, D’Onofrio G. Emergency department screening and interventions for substance use disorders. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2018;13:18.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Krupski A, Sears JM, Joesch JM, Estee S, He L, Dunn C, Huber A, Roy-Byrne P, Ries R. Impact of brief interventions and brief treatment on admissions to chemical dependency treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010;110:126–36.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bohnert ASB, Bonar EE, Cunningham R, Greenwald MK, Thomas L, Chermack S, Blow FC, Walton M. A pilot randomized clinical trial of an intervention to reduce overdose risk behaviors among emergency department patients at risk for prescription opioid overdose. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;163:40–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bonar EE, Walton MA, Cunningham RM, Chermack ST, Bohnert ASB, Barry KL, Booth BM, Blow FC. Computer-enhanced interventions for drug use and HIV risk in the emergency room: preliminary results on psychological precursors of behavior change. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2014;46:5–14.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Buckner JD, Walukevich-Dienst K, Crapanzano KA, Tucker RP, Tynes LL. Brief motivational interviewing-based interventions for opioid misuse in hospital settings. Transl Issues Psychol Sci. 2021;7:114–29.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bogenschutz MP, Donovan DM, Mandler RN, et al. Brief intervention for patients with problematic drug use presenting in emergency departments: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174:1736–45.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

US Preventive Services Task Force, Krist AH, Davidson KW, et al. Screening for unhealthy drug use: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2020;323:2301.

Article  Google Scholar 

Pantridge CE, Charles VA, DeHart DD, Iachini AL, Seay KD, Clone S, Browne T. A qualitative study of the role of peer support specialists in substance use disorder treatment: examining the types of support provided. Alcohol Treat Q. 2016;34:337–53.

Article  Google Scholar 

Eddie D, Hoffman L, Vilsaint C, Abry A, Bergman B, Hoeppner B, Weinstein C, Kelly JF. Lived experience in new models of care for substance use disorder: a systematic review of peer recovery support services and recovery coaching. Front Psychol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01052.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Peers. 2022. https://www.samhsa.gov/brss-tacs/recovery-support-tools/peers. Accessed 15 July 2022.

Waye KM, Goyer J, Dettor D, Mahoney L, Samuels E, Yedinak JL, Marshall BDL. Implementing peer recovery services for overdose prevention in Rhode Island: an examination of two outreach-based approaches. Addict Behav. 2019;89:85–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pecoraro A, Horton T, Ewen E, Becher J, Wright PA, Silverman B, McGraw P, Woody GE. Early data from project engage: a program to identify and transition medically hospitalized patients into addictions treatment. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2012;7:20.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wagner KD, Oman RF, Smith KP, Harding RW, Dawkins AD, Lu M, Woodard S, Berry MN, Roget NA. “Another tool for the tool box? I’ll take it!”: feasibility and acceptability of mobile recovery outreach teams (MROT) for opioid overdose patients in the emergency room. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2020;108:95–103.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Englander H, Dobbertin K, Lind BK, Nicolaidis C, Graven P, Dorfman C, Korthuis PT. Inpatient addiction medicine consultation and post-hospital substance use disorder treatment engagement: a propensity-matched analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34:2796–803.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wakeman SE, Rigotti NA, Herman GE, Regan S, Chang Y, Snow R, Isenberg B, Metlay JP. The effectiveness of post-discharge navigation added to an inpatient addiction consultation for patients with substance use disorder; a randomized controlled trial. Subst Abuse. 2020;42:1–8.

Google Scholar 

Weinstein ZM, Wakeman SE, Nolan S. Inpatient addiction consult service. Med Clin N Am. 2018;102:587–601.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bassuk EL, Hanson J, Greene RN, Richard M, Laudet A. Peer-delivered recovery support services for addictions in the united states: a systematic review. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2016;63:1–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

White AM, Castle I-JP, Powell PA, Hingson RW, Koob GF. Alcohol-related deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.4308.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

The City of New York Office of the Mayor. HealingNYC: mayor and first lady announce $22 million expansion of city’s plan to combat opioid epidemic. 2018.

McNeely J, Cleland CM, Strauss SM, Palamar JJ, Rotrosen J, Saitz R. Validation of self-administered single-item screening questions (SISQs) for unhealthy alcohol and drug use in primary care patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2015;30:1757–64.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Grant M. Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption–II. Addiction. 1993;88:791–804.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Skinner HA. The drug abuse screening test. Addict Behav. 1982;7:363–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pinedo M, Zemore S, Rogers S. Understanding barriers to specialty substance abuse treatment among latinos. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2018;94:1–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Henderson C, Madden A, Kelsall J. “Beyond the willing & the waiting”—the role of peer-based approaches in hepatitis C diagnosis & treatment. Int J Drug Policy. 2017;50:111–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brown CH, Bennett ME, Li L, Bellack AS. Predictors of initiation and engagement in substance abuse treatment among individuals with co-occurring serious mental illness and substance use disorders. Addict Behav. 2011;36:439–47.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Crable EL, Drainoni M-L, Jones DK, Walley AY, Milton Hicks J. Predicting longitudinal service use for individuals with substance use disorders: a latent profile analysis. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2022;132: 108632.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang X, Wang N, Hou F, Ali Y, Dora-Laskey A, Dahlem CH, McCabe SE. Emergency department visits by patients with substance use disorder in the United States. West J Emerg Med. 2021;22:1076–85.

Article  CAS  PubMed