Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, Fulop J, Liu M, Blanda R, Kromer C, et al. CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2008–2012. Neuro Oncol. 2015;17 Suppl 4:iv1-iv62.

Louis DN, Perry A, Reifenberger G, von Deimling A, Figarella-Branger D, Cavenee WK, et al. The 2016 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Acta Neuropathol. 2016;131:803–20.

Article  Google Scholar 

Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P, Brat DJ, Cree IA, Figarella-Branger D, et al. The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Neuro Oncol. 2021;23:1231–51.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Singhal T, Narayanan TK, Jacobs MP, Bal C, Mantil JC. 11C-Methionine PET for grading and prognostication in gliomas: a comparison study with 18F-FDG PET and contrast enhancement on MRI. J Nucl Med. 2012;53:1709–15.

Article  Google Scholar 

Heiss WD. PET in gliomas. Overview of current studies. Nuklearmedizin. 2014;53:163–71; quiz N32.

Dhermain F. Radiotherapy of high-grade gliomas: current standards and new concepts, innovations in imaging and radiotherapy, and new therapeutic approaches. Chin J Cancer. 2014;33:16–24.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kosaka N, Tsuchida T, Uematsu H, Kimura H, Okazawa H, Itoh H. 18F-FDG PET of common enhancing malignant brain tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190:W365–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kim D, Kim S, Kim SH, Chang JH, Yun M. Prediction of overall survival based on isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutation and 18F-FDG uptake on PET/CT in patients with cerebral gliomas. Clin Nucl Med. 2018;43:311–6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cui M, Zorrilla-Veloz RI, Hu J, Guan B, Ma X. Diagnostic accuracy of PET for differentiating true glioma progression from post treatment-related changes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2021;12: 671867.

Article  Google Scholar 

Treglia G, Muoio B, Trevisi G, Mattoli MV, Albano D, Bertagna F, et al. Diagnostic performance and prognostic value of PET/CT with different tracers for brain tumors: a systematic review of published meta-analyses. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:4669.

Ouyang ZQ, Zheng GR, Duan XR, Zhang XR, Ke TF, Bao SS, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of glioma pseudoprogression identification with positron emission tomography imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2023;13:4943–59.

Article  Google Scholar 

Law I, Albert NL, Arbizu J, Boellaard R, Drzezga A, Galldiks N, et al. Joint EANM/EANO/RANO practice guidelines/SNMMI procedure standards for imaging of gliomas using PET with radiolabelled amino acids and [(18)F]FDG: version 1.0. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2019;46:540–57.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Piccardo A, Albert NL, Borgwardt L, Fahey FH, Hargrave D, Galldiks N, et al. Joint EANM/SIOPE/RAPNO practice guidelines/SNMMI procedure standards for imaging of paediatric gliomas using PET with radiolabelled amino acids and [(18)F]FDG: version 1.0. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2022;49:3852–69.

Article  Google Scholar 

Guedj E, Varrone A, Boellaard R, Albert NL, Barthel H, van Berckel B, et al. EANM procedure guidelines for brain PET imaging using [(18)F]FDG, version 3. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2022;49:632–51.

Article  Google Scholar 

Di Chiro G, DeLaPaz RL, Brooks RA, Sokoloff L, Kornblith PL, Smith BH, et al. Glucose utilization of cerebral gliomas measured by [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose and positron emission tomography. Neurology. 1982;32:1323–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Smith TA. The rate-limiting step for tumor [18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) incorporation. Nucl Med Biol. 2001;28:1–4.

Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

Omuro AM, Leite CC, Mokhtari K, Delattre JY. Pitfalls in the diagnosis of brain tumours. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5:937–48.

Article  Google Scholar 

Demetriades AK, Almeida AC, Bhangoo RS, Barrington SF. Applications of positron emission tomography in neuro-oncology: a clinical approach. Surgeon. 2014;12:148–57.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kim D, Ko HY, Lee S, Lee YH, Ryu S, Kim SY, et al. Glucose loading enhances the value of (18)F-FDG PET/CT for the characterization and delineation of cerebral gliomas. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12:1977.

Johnson JM, Chen MM, Rohren EM, Prabhu S, Chasen B, Mawlawi O, et al. Delayed FDG PET provides superior glioblastoma conspicuity compared to conventional image timing. Front Neurol. 2021;12: 740280.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lee SM, Koh HJ, Park DC, Song BJ, Huh TL, Park JW. Cytosolic NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase status modulates oxidative damage to cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 2002;32:1185–96.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pollard PJ, Ratcliffe PJ. Cancer. Puzzling patterns of predisposition. Science. 2009;324:192–4.

Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

Balss J, Meyer J, Mueller W, Korshunov A, Hartmann C, von Deimling A. Analysis of the IDH1 codon 132 mutation in brain tumors. Acta Neuropathol. 2008;116:597–602.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chen JR, Yao Y, Xu HZ, Qin ZY. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)1/2 mutations as prognostic markers in patients with glioblastomas. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95: e2583.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jager PL, Vaalburg W, Pruim J, de Vries EG, Langen KJ, Piers DA. Radiolabeled amino acids: basic aspects and clinical applications in oncology. J Nucl Med. 2001;42:432–45.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Isselbacher KJ. Sugar and amino acid transport by cells in culture–differences between normal and malignant cells. N Engl J Med. 1972;286:929–33.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Busch H, Davis JR, Honig GR, Anderson DC, Nair PV, Nyhan WL. The uptake of a variety of amino acids into nuclear proteins of tumors and other tissues. Cancer Res. 1959;19:1030–9.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Miyagawa T, Oku T, Uehara H, Desai R, Beattie B, Tjuvajev J, et al. “Facilitated” amino acid transport is upregulated in brain tumors. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1998;18:500–9.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kinoshita M, Arita H, Goto T, Okita Y, Isohashi K, Watabe T, et al. A novel PET index, 18F-FDG-11C-methionine uptake decoupling score, reflects glioma cell infiltration. J Nucl Med. 2012;53:1701–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Chen W, Silverman DH, Delaloye S, Czernin J, Kamdar N, Pope W, et al. 18F-FDOPA PET imaging of brain tumors: comparison study with 18F-FDG PET and evaluation of diagnostic accuracy. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:904–11.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Lau EW, Drummond KJ, Ware RE, Drummond E, Hogg A, Ryan G, et al. Comparative PET study using F-18 FET and F-18 FDG for the evaluation of patients with suspected brain tumour. J Clin Neurosci. 2010;17:43–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Chung JK, Kim YK, Kim SK, Lee YJ, Paek S, Yeo JS, et al. Usefulness of 11C-methionine PET in the evaluation of brain lesions that are hypo- or isometabolic on 18F-FDG PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2002;29:176–82.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Glaudemans AW, Enting RH, Heesters MA, Dierckx RA, van Rheenen RW, Walenkamp AM, et al. Value of 11C-methionine PET in imaging brain tumours and metastases. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2013;40:615–35.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Galldiks N, Kracht LW, Dunkl V, Ullrich RT, Vollmar S, Jacobs AH, et al. Imaging of non- or very subtle contrast-enhancing malignant gliomas with [(1)(1)C]-methionine positron emission tomography. Mol Imaging. 2011;10:453–9.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Falk Delgado A, Falk DA. Discrimination between primary low-grade and high-grade glioma with (11)C-methionine PET: a bivariate diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis. Br J Radiol. 2018;91:20170426.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mattoli MV, Trevisi G, Scolozzi V, Capotosti A, Cocciolillo F, Marini I, et al. Dynamic (11)C-methionine PET-CT: prognostic factors for disease progression and survival in patients with suspected glioma recurrence. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13:4777.

Bag AK, Wing MN, Sabin ND, Hwang SN, Armstrong GT, Han Y, et al. (11)C-Methionine PET for identification of pediatric high-grade glioma recurrence. J Nucl Med. 2022;63:664–71.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Ninatti G, Sollini M, Bono B, Gozzi N, Fedorov D, Antunovic L, et al. Preoperative [11C]methionine PET to personalize treatment decisions in patients with lower-grade gliomas. Neuro Oncol. 2022;24:1546–56.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Heiss P, Mayer S, Herz M, Wester HJ, Schwaiger M, Senekowitsch-Schmidtke R. Investigation of transport mechanism and uptake kinetics of O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine in vitro and in vivo. J Nucl Med. 1999;40:1367–73.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Wester HJ, Herz M, Weber W, Heiss P, Senekowitsch-Schmidtke R, Schwaiger M, et al. Synthesis and radiopharmacology of O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine for tumor imaging. J Nucl Med. 1999;40:205–12.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Salber D, Stoffels G, Pauleit D, Oros-Peusquens AM, Shah NJ, Klauth P, et al. Differential uptake of O-(2–18F-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine, L-3H-methionine, and 3H-deoxyglucose in brain abscesses. J Nucl Med. 2007;48:2056–62.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Stober B, Tanase U, Herz M, Seidl C, Schwaiger M, Senekowitsch-Schmidtke R. Differentiation of tumour and inflammation: characterisation of [methyl-3H]methionine (MET) and O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET) uptake in human tumour and inflammatory cells. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33:932–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Dunet V, Pomoni A, Hottinger A, Nicod-Lalonde M, Prior JO. Performance of 18F-FET versus 18F-FDG-PET for the diagnosis and grading of brain tumors: systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuro Oncol. 2016;18:426–34.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Skoblar Vidmar M, Doma A, Smrdel U, Zevnik K, Studen A. The value of FET PET/CT in recurrent glioma with a different IDH mutation status: the relationship between imaging and molecular biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:6787.

Matsubara K, Watabe H, Kumakura Y, Hayashi T, Endres CJ, Minato K, et al. Sensitivity of kinetic macro parameters to changes in dopamine synthesis, storage, and metabolism: a simulation study for [(1)(8)F]FDOPA PET by a model with detailed dopamine pathway. Synapse. 2011;65:751–62.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Eidelberg D, Takikawa S, Dhawan V, Chaly T, Robeson W, Dahl R, et al. Striatal 18F-dopa uptake: absence of an aging effect. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1993;13:881–8.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Youland RS, Kitange GJ, Peterson TE, Pafundi DH, Ramiscal JA, Pokorny JL, et al. The role of LAT1 in (18)F-DOPA uptake in malignant gliomas. J Neurooncol. 2013;111:11–8.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zaragori T, Ginet M, Marie PY, Roch V, Grignon R, Gauchotte G, et al. Use of static and dynamic [(18)F]-F-DOPA PET parameters for detecting patients with glioma recurrence or progression. EJNMMI Res. 2020;10:56.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jansen NL, Schwartz C, Graute V, Eigenbrod S, Lutz J, Egensperger R, et al. Prediction of oligodendroglial histology and LOH 1p/19q using dynamic [(18)F]FET-PET imaging in intracranial WHO grade II and III gliomas. Neuro Oncol. 2012;14:1473–80.

Article  CAS