Giel KE, Hermann-Werner A, Mayer J, Diehl K, Schneider S, Thiel A, et al. Eating disorder pathology in elite adolescent athletes. Int J Eat Disord. 2016;49:553–62.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Levine MP, Smolak L. The prevention of eating problems and eating disorders: theories, research, and applications. Routledge; 2020.

Kutz AM, Marsh AG, Gunderson CG, Maguen S, Masheb RM. Eating disorder screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test characteristics of the SCOFF. J Gen Intern Med. 2020;35:885–93.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Culbert KM, Racine SE, Klump KL. Research Review: What we have learned about the causes of eating disorders: a synthesis of sociocultural, psychological, and biological research. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2015;56:1141–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alhaj OA, Fekih-Romdhane F, Sweidan DH, Saif Z, Khudhair MF, Ghazzawi H, et al. The prevalence and risk factors of screen-based disordered eating among university students: a global systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-022-01452-0.

Fekih-Romdhane F, Daher-Nashif S, Amthal ·, Alhuwailah H, Haifa ·, Saleh M, et al. The prevalence of feeding and eating disorders symptomology in medical students: an updated systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. 2022;27:1991–2010

Esmaeil Mousavi Asl, Behzad Mahaki, Yousef Asmari Bardezard, Youkhabeh Mohammadian. Eating Disorders Screening Tools: The Psychometric Properties of the Persian version of Eating Attitude Test. 2020. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_355_19.

Azhar Shah S, Safian N. Eating disorder screening tools for athletes: A systematic review of literature focusing on scales developed in the last 10 years (2011–2021). 2022. https://doi.org/10.1080/19357397.2022.2095179.

Sander W. Measures of Information. Handbook of Measure Theory. 2002;:1523–65.

Mathisen TF, Hay P, Bratland-Sanda S. How to address physical activity and exercise during treatment from eating disorders: a scoping review. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2023;36:427–37.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Quesnel D, Disorders MC-… E, 2023 undefined. Medical and physiological complications of exercise for individuals with an eating disorder: A narrative review. jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com.

Cisneros A, Quesnel DA, Robert-McComb JJ. A modern understanding of the models of energy deficits in athletes. In: The Active Female: Health Issues throughout the Lifespan. 2023.

Foster L, Lundh LG, Daukantaité D. Disordered eating in a 10-year perspective from adolescence to young adulthood: Stability, change, and body dissatisfaction as a predictor. Scand J Psychol. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12950.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gusfa OMS-IV D, Mancine OMS-IV R, Kennedy S do, Bashir DA, Saffarian M do. The relationship between disordered eating behaviors and injury rates in adolescent athletes. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23642.

Petisco-Rodríguez C, Sánchez-Sánchez LC, Fernández-García R, Sánchez-Sánchez J, García-Montes JM. Disordered eating attitudes, anxiety, self-esteem and perfectionism in young athletes and non-athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:1–18.

Article  Google Scholar 

Berger U, Wick K, Hölling H, Schlack R, Bormann B, Brix C, et al. Screening of disordered eating in 12 year old girls and boys: Psychometric analysis of the German versions of SCOFF and EAT-26. European Psychiatry. 2011;26.

Neumark-Sztainer D, Levine M, Paxton S, Smolak L, Piran N, Wertheim E. Prevention of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating: What next? Eat Disord. 2006;14:265–85.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smolak L, Levine MP. The Wiley handbook of eating disorders. John Wiley & Sons; 2015.

Eichstadt M, Luzier J, Cho D, Weisenmuller C. Eating Disorders in Male Athletes. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738120928991.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ghazzawi HA, Alhaj OA, Nemer LS, Amawi AT, Trabelsi K, Jahrami HA. The Prevalence of “at Risk” Eating Disorders among Athletes in Jordan. Sports. 2022;10:182.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Smolak L, Murnen SK, Ruble AE. Female athletes and eating problems: a meta-analysis. Int J Eat Disord. 2000;27:371–80.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fortes L de SDS, Kakeshita IS, Almeida SS, Gomes AR, Ferreira MECC. Eating behaviours in youths: A comparison between female and male athletes and non-athletes. 2014;24:e62–8.

Mancine RP, Gusfa DW, Moshrefi A, Kennedy SF. Prevalence of disordered eating in athletes categorized by emphasis on leanness and activity type - A systematic review. Journal of Eating Disorders. 2020;8.

de Bruin APK, Oudejans RRD. Athletes’ body talk: The role of contextual body image in eating disorders as seen through the eyes of elite women athletes. J Clin Sport Psychol. 2018;12:675–98.

Article  Google Scholar 

van de Schoot R, de Bruin J, Schram R, Zahedi P, de Boer J, Weijdema F, et al. An open source machine learning framework for efficient and transparent systematic reviews. Nat Mach Intell. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-020-00287-7.

Byrne S, Mclean N. Eating disorders in athletes: a review of the literature.

Ghazzawi HA, Hussain MA, Raziq KM, Alsendi KK, Alaamer RO, Jaradat M, et al. Exploring the Relationship between Micronutrients and Athletic Performance: A Comprehensive Scientific Systematic Review of the Literature in Sports Medicine. Sports. 2023;11.

Bergeron MF, Mountjoy M, Armstrong N, Chia M, Côté J, Emery CA, et al. International Olympic Committee consensus statement on youth athletic development. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49:843–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Whitehead J, Slater G, Wright H, Martin L, O’Connor H, Mitchell L. Disordered eating behaviours in female physique athletes. Eur J Sport Sci. 2020;20:1206–14.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Michou M, Costarelli V. Perceived stress in relation to socioeconomic and lifestyle characteristics in Greece: a cross-sectional study. Int J Home Econ. 2021;14:108–15.

Google Scholar 

Rosendahl J, Bormann B, Aschenbrenner K, Aschenbrenner F, Strauss B. Dieting and disordered eating in German high school athletes and non-athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2009;19:731–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chapa DAN, Johnson SN, Richson BN, Bjorlie K, Won YQ, Nelson S V., et al. Eating-disorder psychopathology in female athletes and non-athletes: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2022;55.

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, The PRISMA, et al. statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2020;2021:10.

Google Scholar 

Consensus Statement International Olympic Committee Consensus Statement Methods for Recording and Reporting of Epidemiological Data on Injury and Illness in Sports 2020 (Including the STROBE Extension for Sports Injury and Illness Surveillance (STROBE-SIIS)) International Olympic Committee Injury and Illness Epidemiology Consensus Group* †. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967120902908.

Regional groups of Member States | Department for General Assembly and Conference Management. https://www.un.org/dgacm/en/content/regional-groups. Accessed 3 Jan 2024.

Wells G, Shea B, O’Connell D, Peterson J. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Ottawa, ON: Ottawa Hospital Research Institute. 2000.

Doi SA. Rendering the Doi plot properly in meta-analysis. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2018;16:242–3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Furuya-Kanamori L, Barendregt JJ, Doi SAR. A new improved graphical and quantitative method for detecting bias in meta-analysis. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2018;16:195–203.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chamari K, Padulo J. ‘Aerobic’ and ‘Anaerobic’ terms used in exercise physiology: a critical terminology reflection. Sports Med Open. 2015;1.

Thompson SG, Higgins JPT. How should meta-regression analyses be undertaken and interpreted? Stat Med. 2002;21.

Karrer Y, Halioua R, Mötteli S, Iff S, Seifritz E, Jäger M, et al. Disordered eating and eating disorders in male elite athletes: A scoping review. BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine. 2020;6.

Okano G, Holmes RA, Mu Z, Yang P, Lin Z, Nakai Y. Disordered eating in Japanese and Chinese female runners, rhythmic gymnasts and gymnasts. Int J Sports Med. 2005;26:486–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Neves CM, Filgueiras Meireles JF, Berbert de Carvalho PH, Schubring A, Barker-Ruchti N, Caputo Ferreira ME. Body dissatisfaction in women’s artistic gymnastics: a longitudinal study of psychosocial indicators. J Sports Sci. 2017;35:1745–51.

Köse G, Tayfur M, Karayigit R. BMI, Physical activity, sleep quality, eating attitudes, emotions: which one is affected by mindful eating? Progress in Nutrition. 2021;23.

Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L, Ackerman KE, Blauwet C, Constantini N, et al. International Olympic Committee (IOC) Consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (red-s): 2018 update. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2018;28:316–31.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Åkesdotter C, Kenttä G, Eloranta S, Håkansson A, Franck J. Prevalence and comorbidity of psychiatric disorders among treatment-seeking elite athletes and high-performance coaches. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2022;8: e001264.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brown KN, Wengreen HJ, Beals KA. Knowledge of the female athlete triad, and prevalence of triad risk factors among female high school athletes and their coaches. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2014;27:278–82.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Al-Jumayan AA, Al-Eid NA, AlShamlan NA, AlOmar RS. Prevalence and associated factors of eating disorders in patrons of sport centers in Saudi Arabia. J Family Community Med. 2021;28:94–102.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Breton É, Dufour R, Côté SM, Dubois L, Vitaro F, Boivin M, et al. Developmental trajectories of eating disorder symptoms: A longitudinal study from early adolescence to young adulthood. J Eat Disord. 2022;10.

Peláez-Fernández MA, Ruiz-Lázaro PM, Labrador FJ, Raich RM. Validación del Eating Attitudes Test como instrumento de cribado de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en población general. Med Clin (Barc). 2014;142:153–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stice E, Telch CF, Rizvi SL. Erratum: Development and validation of the eating disorder diagnostic scale. A brief self-report measure of anorexia, bulimia, and binge-eating disorder (Psychological Assessment (2000) 12:2 (123-131)). Psychological Assessment. 2000;12.

Robbeson JG, Kruger HS, Wright HH. Disordered eating behavior, body image, and energy status of female student dancers. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2015;25:344–52.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gulliver A, Griffiths KM, Mackinnon A, Batterham PJ, Stanimirovic R. The mental health of Australian elite athletes. J Sci Med Sport. 2015;18:255–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Muros JJ, Ávila-Alche Á, Knox E, Zabala M. Likelihood of suffering from an eating disorder in a sample of Spanish cyclists and triathletes. J Eat Disord. 2020;8.

Rogers MA, Appaneal RN, Hughes D, Vlahovich N, Waddington G, Burke LM, et al. Prevalence of impaired physiological function consistent with relative energy deficiency in Sport (RED-S): an Australian elite and pre-elite cohort. Br J Sports Med. 2021;55:38–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lichtenstein MB, Melin AK, Szabo A, Holm L. The Prevalence of exercise addiction symptoms in a sample of national level elite athletes. Front Sports Act Living. 2021;3.

Kontele I, Children TV-, 2021 undefined. Nutritional risks among adolescent athletes with disordered eating. mdpi.com. 2010. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8080715.

Dipla K, Kraemer RR, Constantini NW, Hackney AC. Relative energy deficiency in sports (RED-S): elucidation of endocrine changes affecting the health of males and females. Hormones. 2021;20:35–47.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abbott W, Brett A, Brownlee TE, Hammond KM, Harper LD, Naughton RJ, et al. The prevalence of disordered eating in elite male and female soccer players. Eat Weight Disord. 2021;26:491–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alwan N, Moss SL, Davies IG, Elliott-Sale KJ, Enright K. Weight loss practices and eating behaviours among female physique athletes: Acquiring the optimal body composition for competition. PLoS ONE. 2022;17:1.

Article  Google Scholar 

Anderson C, Petrie TA. Prevalence of disordered eating and pathogenic weight control behaviors among NCAA division I female collegiate gymnasts and swimmers. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2012;83:120–4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Armento AM, VanBaak KD, Seehusen CN, Howell DR. Differences in Training and Health Characteristics Between Trail Ultrarunners and Shorter Distance Runners. Wilderness Environ Med. 2023;34:182–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barrack MT, Rauh MJ, Barkai H-S, Nichols JF. Dietary restraint and low bone mass in female adolescent endurance runners 1–3. 2008.

Barrack MT, Domino S, Gray VB, Cotter JA, Rauh MJ, Nichols JF. Support for inadvertent undereating in female adolescent athletes with clinical indicators of low energy availability. J Sci Med Sport. 2023;26:285–90.

Article  PubMed