Description of the first cultured representative of “Candidatus Synoicihabitans” genus, isolated from deep-sea sediment of South China Sea

The deep-sea sediment, one of the least explored and enigmatic ecosystem on our planet, harbors a rich diversity of unique microorganisms (Diesing, 2020). Among these, the yet-uncultured or candidatus bacteria have garnered significant attention due to their high presence, elusive nature, and potential ecological significance (Dedysh, 2023, Polymenakou et al., 2009, Zha et al., 2022). Verrucomicrobiota, a bacterial phylum proposed by Hedlund in 1997 (Hedlund et al., 1997) , is one such group that is widely distributed in various habitats, including soil, marine, human, and invertebrates’ gut (Bergmann et al., 2011, Dubourg et al., 2013, Freitas et al., 2012, Hongoh et al., 2003), and has the genomic potential to actively participate in the degradation of complex organic substrates and carbon cycling (He et al., 2017, Sichert et al., 2020). However, despite their significant prevalence and ecological roles, this bacterial clade remains poorly characterized, as most of its members are yet-uncultured or “Candidatus” bacteria that have resisted cultivation efforts, impeding our understanding of their physiology, metabolism, and ecological roles (Kalam et al., 2022, Lewis et al., 2021, Wang et al., 2021). In this study, we focused to overcome this cultivability challenge, and recover and characterize isolates from this elusive group to broaden our understanding of their biology and ecological roles. To achieve this, we enriched sediment sample, using lignin as the growth substrate , since members of this group have a growth preferences for complex organic sources (He et al., 2017, Wertz et al., 2018). As a result, we successfully cultivated and comprehensively characterized the first cultured representative of “Candidatus Synoicihabitans”, isolated from deep-sea sediment of South China Sea. The candidate genus belongs to the family Opitutaceae within the phylum Verrucomicrobiota (Choo et al., 2007, Kalam et al., 2022). Members of this genus are represented by 10 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) so far, in the Genome Taxonomy Data Base (GTDB v2.3.0) (https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/). These MAGs have primarily been reported in salt lakes, marine, and freshwater ecosystems with varying relative abundance ranging from 0.01 to 4.21%, as revealed by data from the public shotgun metagenome datasets resource, Sandpiper (v 0.1.1). One of the members, “Candidatus Synoicihabitans palmerolidicus,” was identified in a marine invertebrate sample of Synoicum adareanum. This member possesses a heterogeneous suite of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) responsible for the synthesis of palmerolide A, an anticancer therapeutic agent (Bünger et al., 2020). However, the genomic analysis of the strain isolated in this study did not show such BGCs, but it did contain a substantial number of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). These enzymes are involved in the breakdown of polysaccharides, and consequently contribute to nutrient cycling and bioremediation (He et al., 2017, Sichert et al., 2020). These findings indicate that members of this elusive sub-group can play important roles in therapeutic, ecological, and biotechnological applications. The successful isolation and cultivation of a novel member from this previously uncultured genus will not only expand our knowledge of microbial diversity but also underscores its growth preference, adaptability, and metabolic capabilities. This will pave the way for future studies aimed at harnessing the untapped potential of Synoicihabitans, for various scientific and practical endeavors. Through a combination of various analysis, it was found that the strain LMO-M01T represents a new species of a new genus (previously known as Candidatus genus) within the family Opitutaceae, which has the capacity to utilize diverse organic substrates.

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