Endometriosis is a chronic, inflammatory gynecological condition defined by the presence of endometrial-like epithelium and/or stroma outside of the uterus ([Fig. 1]). Endometriosis exists on a spectrum of presentations and can be further classified by location into superficial peritoneal (lesions involving the peritoneal surface), ovarian (formation of endometriomas or “chocolate cysts” on the ovaries typically containing ectopic tissue and bloody fluid), deep (nodular implantation of tissue into the peritoneal surface with associate fibrosis), extra-abdominal (outside the abdomen), and iatrogenic (dissemination of endometrium following surgery).[1] The clinical presentation of endometriosis is variable, and depends on the subtype of endometriosis and location(s) of involvement. While up to 20 to 25% of patients are asymptomatic, common clinical features include chronic pelvic pain which worsens prior to the onset of menses, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and infertility.[2] [3] Despite its strong link to infertility in women, the pathophysiology of endometriosis remains poorly understood. Postulated to be a combination of the development of a pro-invasive inflammatory milieu by endometrial cells and retrograde flux of endometrial tissue through the fallopian tubes into and beyond the endometrial cavity, there remains a lack of consensus regarding the etiology of endometriosis.[1] Furthermore, this explanation does not account for the disparity between women with retrograde flow, seen in up to 90% of women, and the eventual development of endometriosis.[4] With studies approximating the prevalence of endometriosis between 25 and 50% in infertile women, optimization of obstetric outcomes is a priority among patients seeking treatment.[3] While surgical outcomes typically improve symptoms and increase the pregnancy rate, they come with appreciable risk of damage to the ovaries and diminished ovarian reserve.[5] Given the significant morbidity and impairment in fertility associated with endometriosis, its examination as a clinical entity, as well as the limitations and advantages in its treatment, is warranted.