American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.) Text Revision. Arlington, VA; 2022.

Williams DE, McAdam D. Assessment, behavioral treatment, and prevention of pica: clinical guidelines and recommendations for practitioners. Res Dev Disabil. 2012;33(6):2050–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2012.04.001.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bryant-Waugh R, Markham L, Kreipe RE, Walsh BT. Feeding and eating disorders in childhood. Int J Eat Disord. 2010;43(2):98–111. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20795.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McNaught E, Treasure J, Pollard N. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder. Eat Disord. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198855583.003.0006.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bourne L, Bryant-Waugh R, Cook J, Mandy W. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder: a systematic scoping review of the current literature. Psychiatr Res. 2020;288:112961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112961.

Article  Google Scholar 

Stice E, Marti CN, Rohde P. DSM-5 eating disorder diagnoses in a community study of women. PsycEXTRA Dataset. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1037/e538152013-007.

Article  Google Scholar 

McClelland J, Robinson L, Potterton R, Mountford V, Schmidt U. Symptom trajectories into eating disorders: a systematic review of longitudinal, nonclinical studies in children/adolescents. Eur Psychiatry. 2020;63:1. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.55.

Article  Google Scholar 

Carter SL, Wheeler JJ, Mayton MR. Pica: a review of recent assessment and treatment procedures. Educ Train Dev Disabil. 2004;39(4):346–58.

Google Scholar 

Forman SF, McKenzie N, Hehn R, et al. Predictors of outcome at 1 year in adolescents with DSM-5 restrictive eating disorders: report of the national eating disorders quality improvement collaborative. J Adolesc Health. 2014;55(6):750–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.014.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Farstad SM, McGeown LM, von Ranson KM. Eating disorders and personality, 2004–2016: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016;46:91–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.005.

Article  Google Scholar 

Levallius J, Clinton D, Bäckström M, et al. Who do you think you are? Personality in eating disordered patients. J Eat Disord. 2015; 3:3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-015-0042-6.

Boisseau CL, Thompson-Brenner H, Eddy KT, Satir DA. Impulsivity and personality variables in adolescents with eating disorders. J Nerv Mental Dis. 2009;197(4):251–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31819d96c0.

Article  Google Scholar 

Whiteside SP, Lynam DR. The Five factor model and impulsivity: using a structural model of personality to understand impulsivity. Personal Individ Differ. 2001;30(4):669–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00064-7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Fischer S, Wonderlich J, Breithaupt L, Byrne C, Engel S. Negative urgency and expectancies increase vulnerability to binge eating in bulimia nervosa. Eat Disord. 2018;26(1):39–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2018.1418253.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nearman C, Stewart JL, Jones KA. The role of negative urgency in risky alcohol drinking and binge-eating in United Kingdom male and female students. Addict Behav Rep. 2020;11:100274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100274.

Article  Google Scholar 

Steward T, Mestre-Bach G, Vintró-Alcaraz C, Agüera Z, Jiménez-Murcia S, Granero S, Fernández-Aranda F. Delay discounting of reward and impulsivity in eating disorders: from anorexia nervosa to binge eating disorder. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2017;25:601–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rossier V, Bolognini M, Plancherel B, Halfon O. Sensation seeking: a personality trait characteristic of adolescent girls and young women with eating disorders? Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2000;8(3):245–52. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0968(200005)8:3%3c245::aid-erv308%3e3.0.co;2-d.

Article  Google Scholar 

Castro-Zamudio S, Castro-Baraea J. Impulsiveness and sensation seeking: factors associated with symptoms of anorexia and bulimia nervosa in high school students. Escr Psicol. 2016;9(2):22–30.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hooley JM, Gotlib IH. A diathesis-stress conceptualization of expressed emotion and clinical outcome. Appl Prev Psychol. 2000;9:135–51.

Article  Google Scholar 

Crosswell AD, Lockwood KG. Best practices for stress measurement: how to measure psychological stress in health research. Health Psychol Open. 2020;7(2):205510292093307. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055102920933072.

Article  Google Scholar 

Greeno CG, Wing RR. Stress-induced eating. Psychol Bull. 1994;115:444–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Connor DB, O’Connor RC. Perceived changes in food intake in response to stress: the role of conscientiousness. Stress Health. 2004;20(5):279–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1028.

Article  Google Scholar 

Heger S, Teyssen S, Lieberz K. Pica--Ursachen und Komplikationen einer wenig bekannten Essstörung [Pica--causes and complications of a little-known eating disorder]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2001;126(50):1435–9. (Abstract, German). https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-18980.

Zickgraf HF. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder in adults: descriptive psychopathology and measure development. (Abstract) Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2018; |}071. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/3071.

Muazzam A, Khalid R. Disordered eating behaviours: an overview of Asian cultures. J Pakistan Psychiatr Soc. 2008;5(2):76–88.

Google Scholar 

Ali SA, Hassan AA, Adam I. History of pica, obesity, and their associations with anemia in pregnancy: a community-based cross-sectional study. Life. 2023;13(11):2220. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13112220.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ishtiaq R, Niaz K, Masood D, Ishtiaq D, Yasin S, Chaudhry UH, Ashraf A. Not a common rectosigmoid perforation. Cureus. 2017. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.1465.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ulhaq Z, Khan W, Khan MF, Kabir M, Ujjan AA, Ullah W, Masood Z, Khan S, De los Ríos Escalante P. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic diseases in school children of rural areas of district lower Dir, Pakistan. Braz J Biol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.243150.

Article  Google Scholar 

López LB, Ortega Soler CR, de Portela ML. La pica durante el embarazo: un trastorno frecuentemente subestimado [Pica during pregnancy: a frequently underestimated problem]. Arch Latinoam Nutr. 2004;54(1):17–24.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Raosoft Incorporation: Raosoft Sample Size Online Calculator. (Internet) c2004 (cited 2021 July 15). http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html.

Bryant-Waugh R, Micali N, Cooke L, Lawson EA, Eddy KT, Thomas JJ. Development of the pica, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, and rumination disorder interview, a multi-informant, semi-structured interview of feeding disorders across the lifespan: a pilot study for ages 10–22. Int J Eat Disord. 2018;52(4):378–87. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22958.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

Cyders MA, Littlefield AK, Coffey S, Karyadi KA. Examination of a short English version of the UPPS-P impulsive behavior scale. Addict Behav. 2014;39(9):1372–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.02.013.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dugré JR, Giguére CÉ, Percie du Sert O, Potvin S, Dumais A, Consortium Signature. The psychometric properties of a short UPPS-P impulsive behavior scale among psychiatric patients evaluated in an emergency setting. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:139. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00139.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Social Behav. 1983;24(4):385–96. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404.

Article  Google Scholar 

Preacher KJ, Hayes AF. SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput. 2004;36(4):717–31. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206553.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Al-Nasser Y, Muco E, Alsaad AJ. Pica. StatPearls. 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532242/#.

Sadeghzadeh M, Khoshnevisasl P, Sadeghzadeh S. The relation between pica and iron deficiency in children in Zanjan, Islamic Republic of Iran: a case-control study. East Mediterr Health J. 2017;23(6):404–7. https://doi.org/10.26719/2017.23.6.404.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Placek CD. Ethnomedical and sociocultural factors of pica substances in rural South India. Ecol Food Nutr. 2017;56(3):238–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.2017.1311255.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chakraborty S, Sanyal D, Bhattacharyya R. A unique case of pica of adult onset with interesting psychosexual aspects. Indian J Psychol Med. 2011;33(1):89–91. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.85405.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kurz S, Van Dyck Z, Dremmel D, Munsch S, Hilbert A. Early-onset restrictive eating disturbances in primary school boys and girls. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;24(7):779–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-014-0622-z.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Norris ML, Spettigue W, Hammond NG, Katzman DK, Zucker N, Yelle K, Santos A, Gray M, Obeid N. Building evidence for the use of descriptive subtypes in youth with avoidant restrictive food intake disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 2017;51(2):170–3. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22814.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thomas JJ, Lawson EA, Micali N, Misra M, Deckersbach T, Eddy KT. Avoidant/Restrictive food intake disorder: a three-dimensional model of neurobiology with implications for etiology and treatment. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0795-5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu H, Burns RT, Spencer BR, Page GP, Mast AE; NHLBI Recipient Epidemiology Donor Evaluation Study (REDS)-III. Demographic, clinical, and biochemical predictors of pica in highintensity blood donors. Transfus Med. 2022;32(4):288–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/tme.12890.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Waghmare H, Chauhan S, Sharma SK. Prevalence and determinants of nutritional status among women and children in Pakistan. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):766. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13059-2.

Article