Saha S, Chant D, McGrath J (2007) A systematic review of mortality in schizophrenia: is the differential mortality gap worsening over time? Arch Gen Psychiatry 64(10):1123–1131. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.10.1123

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brown S, Kim M, Mitchell C, Inskip H (2010) Twenty-five year mortality of a community cohort with schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 196(2):116–121. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.067512

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nielsen RE, Uggerby AS, Jensen SO, McGrath JJ (2013) Increasing mortality gap for patients diagnosed with schizophrenia over the last three decades–a Danish nationwide study from 1980 to 2010. Schizophr Res 146(1–3):22–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2013.02.025

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Walker ER, Mcgee RE, Druss BG (2015) Mortality in mental disorders and global disease burden implications. JAMA Psychiat 72(4):334. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2502

Article  Google Scholar 

Oakley P, Kisely S, Baxter A, Harris M, Desoe J, Dziouba A, Siskind D (2018) Increased mortality among people with schizophrenia and other non-affective psychotic disorders in the community: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 102:245–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.04.019

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tanskanen A, Tiihonen J, Taipale H (2018) Mortality in schizophrenia: 30-year nationwide follow-up study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 138(6):492–499. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12913

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hjorthoj C, Sturup AE, McGrath JJ, Nordentoft M (2017) Years of potential life lost and life expectancy in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 4(4):295–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30078-0

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fitzmaurice C, Abate D, Abbasi N et al (2019) Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study. JAMA Oncol. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.2996

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Saku M, Tokudome S, Ikeda M, Kono S, Makimoto K, Uchimura H, Mukai A, Yoshimura T (1995) Mortality in psychiatric patients, with a specific focus on cancer mortality associated with schizophrenia. Int J Epidemiol 24(2):366–372. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/24.2.366

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harrison G, Hopper K, Craig T, Laska E, Siegel C, Wanderling J, Dube KC, Ganev K, Giel R, An der Heiden W, Holmberg SK, Janca A, Lee PW, Leon CA, Malhotra S, Marsella AJ, Nakane Y, Sartorius N, Shen Y, Skoda C, Thara R, Tsirkin SJ, Varma VK, Walsh D, Wiersma D (2001) Recovery from psychotic illness: a 15- and 25-year international follow-up study. Br J Psychiatry 178:506–517. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.178.6.506

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kondo S (2017) Premature deaths among indivisuals with severe mental illness after discharge from long-term hospitalization in Japan: a naturalistic observation during a 24-year period. The Br J Psychiatry 3:193–195

Google Scholar 

Cullen BA, McGinty EE, Zhang Y, Dosreis SC, Steinwachs DM, Guallar E, Daumit GL (2013) Guideline-concordant antipsychotic use and mortality in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 39(5):1159–1168. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbs097

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ray WA, Chung CP, Murray KT, Hall K, Stein CM (2009) Atypical antipsychotic drugs and the risk of sudden cardiac death. N Engl J Med 360(3):225–235. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0806994

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baandrup L, Gasse C, Jensen VD, Glenthoj BY, Nordentoft M, Lublin H, Fink-Jensen A, Lindhardt A, Mortensen PB (2010) Antipsychotic polypharmacy and risk of death from natural causes in patients with schizophrenia: a population-based nested case-control study. J Clin Psychiatry 71(2):103–108. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.08m04818yel

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Windfuhr K, Turnbull P, While D, Swinson N, Mehta H, Hadfield K, Hiroeh U, Watkinson H, Dixon C, Flynn S, Thomas S, Lewis G, Ferrier IN, Amos T, Skapinakis P, Shaw J, Kapur N, Appleby L (2011) The incidence and associated risk factors for sudden unexplained death in psychiatric in-patients in England and Wales. J Psychopharmacol 25(11):1533–1542. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881110379288

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tiihonen J, Lonnqvist J, Wahlbeck K, Klaukka T, Niskanen L, Tanskanen A, Haukka J (2009) 11-year follow-up of mortality in patients with schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study (FIN11 study). Lancet 374(9690):620–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60742-X

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Correll CU, Solmi M, Veronese N, Bortolato B, Rosson S, Santonastaso P, Thapa-Chhetri N, Fornaro M, Gallicchio D, Collantoni E, Pigato G, Favaro A, Monaco F, Kohler C, Vancampfort D, Ward PB, Gaughran F, Carvalho AF, Stubbs B (2017) Prevalence, incidence and mortality from cardiovascular disease in patients with pooled and specific severe mental illness: a large-scale meta-analysis of 3,211,768 patients and 113,383,368 controls. World Psychiatry 16(2):163–180. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20420

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xiang YT, Li Y, Correll CU, Ungvari GS, Chiu HFK, Lai KYC, Tang QS, Hao W, Si TM, Wang CY, Lee EHM, He YL, Yang SY, Chong MY, Kua EH, Fujii S, Sim K, Yong MKH, Trivedi JK, Chung EK, Udomratn P, Chee KY, Sartorius N, Tan CH, Shinfuku N (2014) Common use of high doses of antipsychotic medications in older Asian patients with schizophrenia (2001–2009). Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 29(4):359–366. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4011

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sim K, Su HC, Fujii S, Yang SY, Chong MY, Ungvari G, Si T, He YL, Chung EK, Chan YH, Shinfuku N, Kua EH, Tan CH, Sartorius N (2009) High-dose antipsychotic use in schizophrenia: a comparison between the 2001 and 2004 research on East Asia psychotropic prescription (REAP) studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol 67(1):110–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2008.03304.x

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Online Archive of Kokusei chosa 2015 (e-Stat). https://www.e-stat.go.jp/stat-search/files?page=1&layout=datalist&toukei=00200521&tstat=000001080615&cycle=0&tclass1=000001089055&tclass2=000001089057&tclass3=000001089078&tclass4val=0. Accessed 1 Nov 2023

Online Archive of Jinko Suikei 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017 (e-Stat). https://www.e-stat.go.jp/stat-search/files?page=1&layout=datalist&toukei=00200524&tstat=000000090001&cycle=0&tclass1=000000090004&tclass2=000001051180&tclass3val=0&metadata=1&data=1. Accessed 1 Nov 2023

Online Archive of Jinko Dotai chosa 2013 to 2017 in Yamanashi prefecture. https://www.pref.yamanashi.jp/imuka/kouseitoukei.html. Accessed 1 Nov 2023

Uchigasaki S, Nakata K (2019) Problems of the death certificate in Japan. J Nihon Univ Med Assoc 78(2):65–70. https://doi.org/10.4264/numa.78.2_65

Article  Google Scholar 

Inada T, Inagaki A (2015) Psychotropic dose equivalence in Japan. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 69(8):440–447. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12275

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peduzzi P, Concato J, Kemper E, Holford TR, Feinstein AR (1996) A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis. J Clin Epidemiol 49(12):1373–1379. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0895-4356(96)00236-3

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Osby U, Westman J, Hallgren J, Gissler M (2016) Mortality trends in cardiovascular causes in schizophrenia, bipolar and unipolar mood disorder in Sweden 1987–2010. Eur J Public Health 26(5):867–871. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckv245

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ministry of health law, Siin Jyuni. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/saikin/hw/jinkou/suii09/deth7.html. Accessed 1 Nov 2023

Solmi M, Firth J, Miola A, Fornaro M, Frison E, Fusar-Poli P, Dragioti E, Shin JI, Carvalho AF, Stubbs B, Koyanagi A, Kisely S, Correll CU (2020) Disparities in cancer screening in people with mental illness across the world versus the general population: prevalence and comparative meta-analysis including 4 717 839 people. The Lancet Psychiatry 7(1):52–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30414-6

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ishikawa H, Yasunaga H, Matsui H, Fushimi K, Kawakami N (2016) Differences in cancer stage, treatment and in-hospital mortality between patients with and without schizophrenia: retrospective matched-pair cohort study. Br J Psychiatry 208(3):239–244. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.156265

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ohi K, Shimada T, Kuwata A, Kataoka Y, Okubo H, Kimura K, Yasuyama T, Uehara T, Kawasaki Y (2019) Smoking rates and number of cigarettes smoked per day in schizophrenia: a large cohort meta-analysis in a Japanese population. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 22(1):19–27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyy061

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Jiao Y, Nie J, O’Neil A, Huang W, Zhang L, Han J, Liu H, Zhu Y, Yu C, Woodward M (2020) Sex differences in the association between marital status and the risk of cardiovascular, cancer, and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 7,881,040 individuals. Global Health Res Policy. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-020-00133-8

Article  Google Scholar 

Gjonca A, Tomassini C, Toson B, Smallwood S (2005) Sex differences in mortality, a comparison of the United Kingdom and other developed countries. Health Stat Q 26:6–16

Google Scholar 

Ministry of Health LaW, Summary of Age-Adjusted Mortality Rates by Prefecture in 2015. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/list/nenchou.html. Accessed 1 Nov 2023

Lopez-Munoz F, Ucha-Udabe R, Alamo C (2005) The history of barbiturates a century after their clinical introduction. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 1(4):329–343

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ando S, Yasugi D, Matsumoto T, Kanata S, Kasai K (2014) Serious outcomes associated with overdose of medicines containing barbiturates for treatment of insomnia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 68(9):721. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12198

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tiihonen J, Suokas JT, Suvisaari JM, Haukka J, Korhonen P (2012) Polypharmacy with antipsychotics, antidepressants, or benzodiazepines and mortality in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 69(5):476–483. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1532

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taipale H, Mittendorfer-Rutz E, Alexanderson K, Majak M, Mehtala J, Hoti F, Jedenius E, Enkusson D, Leval A, Sermon J, Tanskanen A, Tiihonen J (2017) Antipsychotics and mortality in a nationwide cohort of 29,823 patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.12.010

Article