The evolution of technology has always been intertwined with the progress of medicine. From the invention of the stethoscope to the development of modern imaging techniques, each technological leap has paved the way for more accurate diagnoses and better patient outcomes. In the realm of pediatric surgery, where precision and customization are not just ideals but necessities, the advent of three-dimensional (3D) modeling and printing stand out as transformative tools, reshaping the landscape of pediatric surgical planning, patient education, and even the creation of medical devices.

The concept of 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, traces its roots back to the 1980s.1 Initially utilized for rapid prototyping in industries such as automotive and aerospace, it wasn't long before the medical field recognized its potential.2 The ability to transform digital 3D models into tangible, patient-specific objects has opened new horizons in personalized medicine. Pediatric surgeons are often faced with complex surgical scenarios that are not encountered in adult populations. Congenital anomalies, growth-related changes, and the need for minimally invasive yet effective interventions are just a few of the challenges that make pediatric surgery distinct.3 3D modeling and printing offer solutions by enabling surgeons to visualize complex anatomical structures in a tangible form, create custom surgical guides and instruments, and even fabricate patient-specific implants tailored to the individual child's anatomy.

This manuscript delves into the multifaceted applications of 3D modeling and printing in pediatric surgery. We will explore the basics of the technology, including an overview of modeling techniques, printing technologies, and materials used. We will also explore the critical role of 3D models in preoperative planning, the creation of surgical guides and tools, and the enhancement of patient education and communication. Furthermore, the manuscript addresses the training and simulation applications, regulatory and ethical considerations, and the challenges and limitations of this technology. Finally, it looks ahead to the future prospects of 3D printing in pediatric surgery, highlighting the potential for further innovation and improved patient care.

As we embark on this exploration, it becomes clear that 3D modeling and printing are not just adjuncts to the existing surgical toolkit but are rapidly becoming integral components of modern pediatric surgical practice. They offer a bridge between digital imaging and physical reality, enhancing the surgeon's ability to plan, communicate, and execute complex surgical procedures with a level of precision and personalization that was previously unattainable.