Garau J, Calbo E. Community-acquired pneumonia. Lancet. 2008;371:455–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60216-0.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mandell LA. Community-acquired pneumonia: An overview. Postgrad Med. 2015;127:607–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.2015.1074030.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Musher DM, Mandell LA, Niederman MS, File TM, Dowell SF, Torres A, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:S27–72. https://doi.org/10.1086/511159.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rozenbaum MH, Pechlivanoglou P, Van Der Werf TS, Lo-Ten-Foe JR, Postma MJ, Hak E. The role of Streptococcus pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia among adults in Europe: A meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;32:305–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-012-1778-4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shoar S, Musher DM. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: a systematic review. Pneumonia. 2020;12 https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-020-00074-3.

Shaw D, Abad R, Amin-Chowdhury Z, Bautista A, Bennett D, Broughton K, et al. Trends in invasive bacterial diseases during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic: analyses of prospective surveillance data from 30 countries and territories in the IRIS Consortium. Lancet Digit Heal. 2023;5:e582–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(23)00108-5.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Amin-Chowdhury Z, Alano F, Mensah A, Sheppard CL, Litt D, Fry NK, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and Risk of Pneumococcal Coinfection with SARS-CoV-2: prospective national cohort study, England. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(5):e65–75.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Perniciaro S, Van Der Linden M, Weinberger DM. Reemergence of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Germany During the Spring and Summer of 2021. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;75:1149–53. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciac100.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Torres A, Cilloniz C, Niederman MS, Menéndez R, Chalmers JD, Wunderink RG, et al. Pneumonia. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2021;7 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-021-00259-0.

Aspa J, Rajas O, de Castro FR, Huertas MC, Borderías L, Cabello FJ, et al. Impact of initial antibiotic choice on mortality from pneumococcal pneumonia. Eur Respir J. 2006;27:1010–9. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.06.00126004.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weinberger DM, Simonsen L, Jordan R, Steiner C, Miller M, Viboud C. Impact of the 2009 influenza pandemic on pneumococcal pneumonia hospitalizations in the United States. J Infect Dis. 2012;205:458–65. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jir749.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Naucler P, Darenberg J, Morfeldt E, Örtqvist Å, Normark BH. Contribution of host, bacterial factors and antibiotic treatment to mortality in adult patients with bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia. Thorax. 2013;68:571–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-203106.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Calbo E, Garau J. Of mice and men: innate immunity in pneumococcal pneumonia. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010;35:107–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.10.002.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sangil A, Xercavins M, Rodríguez-Carballeira M, Andrés M, Riera M, Espejo E, et al. Impact of vaccination on invasive pneumococcal disease in adults with focus on the immunosuppressed. J Infect. 2015;71:422–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2015.07.004.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pelton SI, Shea KM, Farkouh RA, Strutton DR, Braun S, Jacob C, et al. Rates of pneumonia among children and adults with chronic medical conditions in Germany. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-1162-y.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Dietl B, Henares D, Boix-Palop L, Muñoz-Almagro C, Garau J, Calbo E. Related Factors to Streptococcus pneumoniae Invasive Infection and Clinical Manifestations: The Potential Role of Nasopharyngeal Microbiome. Front Med. 2021;8:1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.650271.

Article  Google Scholar 

Chapman SJ, Hill AVS. Human genetic susceptibility to infectious disease. Nat Rev Genet. 2012;13:175–88. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg3114.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Classen DC, Evans RS, et al. The New England Journal of Medicine Downloaded from www.nejm.org at UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN on December 9, 2010. For personal use only. No other uses without permission. Copyright © 1992 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:653–7.

Google Scholar 

Brouwer MC, de Gans J, Heckenberg SG, Zwinderman AH, van der Poll T, van de Beek D. Host genetic susceptibility to pneumococcal and meningococcal disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9:31–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70261-5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lingappa JR, Dumitrescu L, Zimmer SM, Lynfield R, McNicholl JM, Messonnier NE, et al. Identifying host genetic risk factors in the context of public health surveillance for invasive pneumococcal disease. PLoS One. 2011;6 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023413.

Betriu AS, Arranz MJ, Güerri-Fernández R, Pérez M, Monzón H, Payeras A, et al. Genetic susceptibility to invasive pneumococcal disease. Infect Genet Evol. 2018;59:126–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2018.01.024.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kloek AT, Brouwer MC, van de Beek D. Host genetic variability and pneumococcal disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med Genom. 2019;12:130. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12920-019-0572-x.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Endeman H, Herpers BL, De Jong BAW, Voorn GP, Grutters JC, Van Velzen-Blad H, et al. Mannose-binding lectin genotypes in susceptibility to community-acquired pneumonia. Chest. 2008;134:1135–40. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.08-0642.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garcia-Laorden MI, Sole-Violan J, de Castro FR, Aspa J, Briones ML, Garcia-Saavedra A, et al. Mannose-binding lectin and mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease 2 in susceptibility, severity, and outcome of pneumonia in adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008:122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2008.05.037.

Mills TC, Chapman S, Hutton P, Gordon AC, Bion J, Chiche JD, et al. Variants in the mannose-binding lectin gene MBL2 do not associatewith sepsis susceptibility or survival in a large european cohort. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:695–703. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ378.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

García-Laorden MI, Rodríguez de Castro F, Solé-Violán J, Rajas O, Blanquer J, Borderías L, et al. Influence of genetic variability at the surfactant proteins A and D in community-acquired pneumonia : a prospective , observational , genetic study. Crit Care. 2011;15:R57. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc10030.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Endeman H, Cornips MCA, Grutters JC, Van Den Bosch JM, Ruven HJT, Van Velzen-Blad H, et al. The Fcγ receptor IIA-R/R131 genotype is associated with severe sepsis in community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2009;16:1087–90. https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00037-09.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Solé-Violán J, García-Laorden MI, Marcos-Ramos JA, Rodríguez De Castro F, Rajas O, Borderías L, et al. The Fcγ receptor IIA-H/H131 genotype is associated with bacteremia in pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2011;39:1388–93. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e31820eda74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

García-Loarden MI, Rodríguez de Castro F, Solé-Violán J, Payeras A, Briones ML, Borderías L, et al. The role of mannose-binding lectin in pneumococcal infection. Eur Respir J. 2013;41:131–9. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00174111.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Martín-Loeches I, Solé-Violán J, Rodríguez de Castro F, García-Loarden MI, Borderías L, Blanquer J, et al. Variants at the promoter of the interleukin-6 gene are associated with severity and outcome of pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia. Intrensive Care Med. 2012:256–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-011-2406-y.

Garnacho-Montero J, García-Cabrera E, Jiménez-Álvarez R, Díaz-Martín A, Revuelto-Rey J, Aznar-Martín J, et al. Genetic variants of the MBL2 gene are associated with mortality in pneumococcal sepsis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;73:39–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.02.002.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pérez-Castellano M, Peñaranda M, Payeras A, Milà J, Riera M, Vidal J, et al. Mannose-binding lectin does not act as an acute-phase reactant in adults with community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Exp Immunol. 2006:228–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03140.x.

Schaaf B, Rupp J, Mu M, Kruse J, Boehmke F, Maass M, et al. The interleukin-6 ÿ 174 promoter polymorphism is associated with extrapulmonary bacterial dissemination in Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Cytokine. 2005;31:324–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2005.05.008.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schaaf BM, Boehmke F, Esnaashari H, Seitzer U, Kothe H, Maass M, et al. Pneumococcal Septic Shock Is Associated with the Interleukin-10 – 1082 Gene Promoter Polymorphism. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168:476–80. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200210-1164OC.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Postma DF, van Werkhoven CH, van Elden LJR, Thijsen SFT, Hoepelman AIM, Kluytmans JAJW, et al. Antibiotic Treatment Strategies for Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1312–23. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1406330.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boix-Palop L, Obradors M, Xercavins M, Picó-Plana E, Canales L, Dietl B, et al. Improvement of pneumococcal pneumonia diagnosis using quantitative real-time PCR targeting lytA in adult patients: a prospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022;28:138.e1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2021.05.049.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, Hanusa BH, Weissfeld LA, Singer DE, et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:243–50.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lim WS, Van Der Eerden MM, Laing R, Boersma WG, Karalus N, Town GI, et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: An international derivation and validation study. Thorax. 2003;58:377–82. https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax.58.5.377.

Article  CAS