Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute, Inc (Drs Choi and Fu); and School of Medicine, Indiana University (Dr Choi), Indianapolis; Minnetonka High School (Mr Ma); and Schools of Public Health (Dr Wolfson) and Nursing (Dr Wyman) and College of Pharmacy and Institute for Health Informatics (Dr Adam), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and Richard M. Fairbank School of Public Health, Indiana University (Dr Fu), Indianapolis.

Author Contributions: J.S.C. and H.N.F. wrote the manuscript. J.S.C. created Figure 1. D.M. performed literature review and drafted the tables. H.N.F., D.M., and J.A.W. researched the data. J.F.W., T.J.A., and J.A.W. contributed to the general discussion on the design and methodology, and they reviewed and edited the manuscript.

This study was supported by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Future of Nursing and Sigma Theta Tau International, Zeta Chapter. J.S.C. is presently funded by the Indiana University School of Medicine Clinical Informatics Fellowship, with Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education code 1391700001. H.N.F. is presently funded as a postdoctoral research fellow in Public and Population Health Informatics at the Fairbanks School of Public Health and the Regenstrief Institute, supported by the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health under award T15LM012502.

The authors have disclosed that they have no significant relationships with, or financial interest in, any commercial companies pertaining to this article.

Corresponding author: Joshua S. Choi, MD, Regenstrief Institute, 1101 W Tenth St, Indianapolis, IN 46202 ([email protected]).