The potential role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of salivary gland cancer – A Focus on signaling pathways interplay

Salivary gland cancer (SGC) is an infrequent head and neck malignancy that encompasses a broad spectrum of tumors with varying histologic, clinical, and pathophysiologic characteristics [1]. SGC accounts for approximately 8.5% of all cases of head and neck cancers with an annual incidence of 1.4/100,000. Men are 1.5 more likely to be affected than women, and the prevalence rises sharply after age 65 [2]. Diagnosis of the variable types of SGC is considered a challenge because of their erratic and occasional appearance, histological overlap, and diverse biological behavior that make accurate diagnosis an arduous task [3].

Although several factors contribute to the onset and progression of SGC, epigenetic events are increasingly recognized as key contributors. Even though other epigenetic alterations are well-known at this point, non-coding ribonucleic acids (ncRNAs) have garnered a great deal of attention as a potential epigenetic mechanism in SGC [4]. Microribonucleic acids (miRs) are a class of endogenous ncRNAs consisting of 21–25 nucleotides that interfere with the coding portion of genes at the posttranscriptional stage [5], [6]. Crucial biological processes like cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis are only a few of the many in which miRs play a role [7].

Consequently, their discoveries boosted the ability to diagnose and forecast the progression of numerous diseases including cancer [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40], liver diseases [41], bone diseases [42] metabolic syndrome [43], [44], [45], rheumatoid arthritis [46], [47], diabetes [48], [49], [50], [51], and coronavirus disease (2019) (COVID-19) infection [52], [53], [54], [55], and Alzheimer’s [56], [57]. The miR dysregulation is frequently linked to the common malignant tumors of the salivary glands in extensive miR expression profiling studies of SGC whereas some miRs augment the oncogenesis process acting as oncogenes, while other miRs diminish the SGC progression acting as tumor suppressors (TSs). Besides, miR profiles may aid in patient diagnosis and prognosis by differentiating the metastatic potential of SGC. Furthermore, [58], [59]. Several vectors' abilities to transport miR to the target organ or tissue have been evaluated. The advantages of nanotechnology-based systems that employ non-viral delivery methods include low cost, reduced immunogenicity, adaptability, and simplicity of production [60], [61], [62].

Hence, this review will provide a concise modern overview of SGC and the biogenesis of miRs. Validated miRs in vitro and in vivo will be described along with their potential role in SGC. We believe that the current evaluation will serve as a springboard for further investigation into the impact of miRs in SGC. Furthermore, it will assist in a better understanding of the process by which SGC develops by illustrating the underlying mechanisms of improved miR biomarkers that may support the therapy of this malignancy.

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