Hartvigsen J, Hancock MJ, Kongsted A, Louw Q, Ferreira ML, Genevay S, Hoy D, Karppinen J, Pransky G, Sieper J, et al. What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention. Lancet. 2018;391(10137):2356–67.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Disease GBD, Injury I, Prevalence C. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10100):1211–59.

Article  Google Scholar 

Dagenais S, Caro J, Haldeman S. A systematic review of low back pain cost of illness studies in the United States and internationally. Spine J. 2008;8(1):8–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hayden JA, Chou R, Hogg-Johnson S, Bombardier C. Systematic reviews of low back pain prognosis had variable methods and results: guidance for future prognosis reviews. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62(8):781-796 e781.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Van Dieën JH, Reeves NP, Kawchuk G, Van Dillen LR, Hodges PW. Motor control changes in low back pain: divergence in presentations and mechanisms. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2019;49(6):370–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hodges PW, Tucker K. Moving differently in pain: a new theory to explain the adaptation to pain. Pain. 2011;152(3 Suppl):S90–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Strimbu K, Tavel JA. What are biomarkers? Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2010;5(6):463–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hodges PW, Coppieters MW, MacDonald D, Cholewicki J. New insight into motor adaptation to pain revealed by a combination of modelling and empirical approaches. Eur J Pain. 2013;17(8):1138–46.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Dieën JH, Selen LPJ, Cholewicki J. Trunk muscle activation in low-back pain patients, an analysis of the literature. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2003;13(4):333–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reeves NP, Narendra KS, Cholewicki J. Spine stability: the six blind men and the elephant. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2007;22(3):266–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kerkman JN, Daffertshofer A, Gollo LL, Breakspear M, Boonstra TW. Network structure of the human musculoskeletal system shapes neural interactions on multiple time scales. Sci Adv. 2018;4(6):497.

Article  Google Scholar 

Saito H, Yokoyama H, Sasaki A, Matsushita K, Nakazawa K. Variability of trunk muscle synergies underlying the multidirectional movements and stability trunk motor tasks in healthy individuals. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):1193.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee DD, Seung HS. Learning the parts of objects by non-negative matrix factorization. Nature. 1999;401(6755):788–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tresch MC, Saltiel P, Bizzi E. The construction of movement by the spinal cord. Nat Neurosci. 1999;2(2):162–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bizzi E, Cheung VCK, d’Avella A, Saltiel P, Tresch M. Combining modules for movement. Brain Res Rev. 2008;57(1):125–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

d’Avella A, Saltiel P, Bizzi E. Combinations of muscle synergies in the construction of a natural motor behavior. Nat Neurosci. 2003;6(3):300–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bizzi E, Cheung VCK. The neural origin of muscle synergies. Front Comput Neurosci. 2013;7(51):2013.

Google Scholar 

Tresch MC, Cheung VC, d’Avella A. Matrix factorization algorithms for the identification of muscle synergies: evaluation on simulated and experimental data sets. J Neurophysiol. 2006;95(4):2199–212.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

d’Avella A, Bizzi E. Shared and specific muscle synergies in natural motor behaviors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102(8):3076–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cheung VCK, Seki K. Approaches to revealing the neural basis of muscle synergies: a review and a critique. J Neurophysiol. 2021;125(5):1580–97.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saito H, Watanabe Y, Kutsuna T, Futohashi T, Kusumoto Y, Chiba H, Kubo M, Takasaki H. Spinal movement variability associated with low back pain: a scoping review. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(5): e0252141.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Saito H, Yokoyama H, Sasaki A, Kato T, Nakazawa K. Flexible recruitments of fundamental muscle synergies in the trunk and lower limbs for highly variable movements and postures. Sensors. 2021;21(18):6186.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cheung VCK, d’Avella A, Tresch MC, Bizzi E. Central and sensory contributions to the activation and organization of muscle synergies during natural motor behaviors. J Neurosci. 2005;25(27):6419–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cheung VCK, Piron L, Agostini M, Silvoni S, Turolla A, Bizzi E. Stability of muscle synergies for voluntary actions after cortical stroke in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106(46):19563–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Latash ML. The bliss (not the problem) of motor abundance (not redundancy). Exp Brain Res. 2012;217(1):1–5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Falla D, Gizzi L, Tschapek M, Erlenwein J, Petzke F. Reduced task-induced variations in the distribution of activity across back muscle regions in individuals with low back pain. Pain. 2014;155(5):944–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Williams JM, Haq I, Lee RY. An experimental study investigating the effect of pain relief from oral analgesia on lumbar range of motion, velocity, acceleration and movement irregularity. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014;15:304.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stratford PW, Binkley J, Solomon P, Finch E, Gill C, Moreland J. Defining the minimum level of detectable change for the Roland-Morris questionnaire. Phys Ther. 1996;76(4):359–65 (discussion 366-358).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vlaeyen JW, Kole-Snijders AM, Rotteveel AM, Ruesink R, Heuts PH. The role of fear of movement/(re)injury in pain disability. J Occup Rehabil. 1995;5(4):235–52.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vlaeyen JWS, Kole-Snijders AMJ, Boeren RGB, van Eek H. Fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain and its relation to behavioral performance. Pain. 1995;62(3):363–72.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Linton SJ, Nicholas M, MacDonald S. Development of a short form of the Orebro musculoskeletal pain screening questionnaire. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011;36(22):1891–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maher CG, Grotle M. Evaluation of the predictive validity of the Orebro musculoskeletal pain screening questionnaire. Clin J Pain. 2009;25(8):666–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miles CL, Pincus T, Carnes D, Taylor SJ, Underwood M. Measuring pain self-efficacy. Clin J Pain. 2011;27(5):461–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bauer CM, Rast FM, Ernst MJ, Kool J, Oetiker S, Rissanen SM, Suni JH, Kankaanpää M. Concurrent validity and reliability of a novel wireless inertial measurement system to assess trunk movement. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2015;25(5):782–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sahrmann SA. Diagnosis and treatment of movement impairment syndromes. 1st ed. St Louis: Mosby; 2001.

Google Scholar 

Bauer CM, Kankaanpaa MJ, Meichtry A, Rissanen SM, Suni JH. Efficacy of six months neuromuscular exercise on lumbar movement variability—a randomized controlled trial. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2019;48:84–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saito H, Yokoyama H, Sasaki A, Kato T, Nakazawa K. Evidence for basic units of upper limb muscle synergies underlying a variety of complex human manipulations. J Neurophysiol. 2022;127(4):958–68.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McGill S, Juker D, Kropf P. Appropriately placed surface EMG electrodes reflect deep muscle activity (psoas, quadratus lumborum, abdominal wall) in the lumbar spine. J Biomech. 1996;29(11):1503–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vera-Garcia FJ, Moreside JM, McGill SM. Abdominal muscle activation changes if the purpose is to control pelvis motion or thorax motion. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2011;21(6):893–903.

Article  PubMed