Mendy K. Driesens and Clemens Barends are members of ARA’s research group; they declare no personal conflicts of interest. The research group/department of ARA received grants and funding from The Medicines Company (New Jersey, USA), Masimo (Oude Meer, the Netherlands), Fresenius (Bad Homburg, Germany), Acacia Design (Maastricht, the Netherlands), and Medtronic (Dublin, Ireland). He has received honoraria from Paion (Aachen, Germany), The Medicines Company (New Jersey, USA), and Janssen Pharmaceutica NV (Beerse, Belgium). Anthony R. Absalom is an editor of the British Journal of Anaesthesia. Thomas W. Scheeren received research grants and honoraria from Edwards Lifesciences (Irvine, CA, USA) and Masimo Inc. (Irvine, CA, USA) for consulting and lecturing (all payments made to institution). Peter Meyer declares no conflicts of interest. Jaap Jan Vos is a member of Thomas W. Scheeren’s research group, he declares no conflict of interest.

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. This work was funded by the Department of Anaesthesiology of the University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.

This submission was handled by Dr. Vishal Uppal, Associate Editor, Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d’anesthésie.