• Collins PY. What is global mental health? World Psychiatry 2020;19:265. This paper provides an overview of current priorities in the field of global mental health.

Bass J, Chibanda D, Petersen I, Winkler P, Sijbrandij M, Shidhaye R. Introducing Cambridge prisms: global mental health. Global Mental Health. 2023;10: e7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weinmann S, Koesters M. Mental health service provision in low and middle-income countries: recent developments. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2016;29:270–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adiukwu F, de Filippis R, Orsolini L, Gashi Bytyçi D, Shoib S, Ransing R, et al. Scaling up global mental health services during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Psychiatr Serv. 2022;73:231–4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prince M, Patel V, Saxena S, Maj M, Maselko J, Phillips MR, et al. No health without mental health. The Lancet. 2007;370:859–77.

Article  Google Scholar 

Collins PY, Patel V, Joestl SS, March D, Insel TR, Daar AS, et al. Grand challenges in global mental health. Nature. 2011;475:27–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Patel V, Saxena S, Lund C, Thornicroft G, Baingana F, Bolton P, et al. The Lancet Commission on global mental health and sustainable development. The Lancet. 2018;392:1553–98. This paper provides a reframed agenda for global mental health.

• Cosgrove L, Mills C, Karter JM, Mehta A, Kalathil J. A critical review of the Lancet Commission on global mental health and sustainable development: time for a paradigm change. Crit Public Health. 2020;30:624–31. This paper calls for more expanded and inclusive perspectives in global mental health.

Rose-Clarke K, Gurung D, Brooke-Sumner C, Burgess R, Burns J, Kakuma R, et al. Rethinking research on the social determinants of global mental health. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7:659–62.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Collaborators GBD 2019 MD. Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Psychiatry. 2022;9:137–50.

Vos T, Lim SS, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abbasi M, Abbasifard M, et al. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet. 2020;396:1204–22.

Article  Google Scholar 

Keeley B. The state of the world’s children 2021: on my mind--promoting, protecting and caring for children’s mental health. UNICEF. 2021.

Fleischmann A, De Leo D. The World Health Organization’s report on suicide: a fundamental step in worldwide suicide prevention. 2014.

Walker ER, McGee RE, Druss BG. Mortality in mental disorders and global disease burden implications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiat. 2015;72:334–41.

Article  Google Scholar 

Moitra M, Santomauro D, Degenhardt L, Collins PY, Whiteford H, Vos T, et al. Estimating the risk of suicide associated with mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2021.

Walker IF, Asher L, Pari A, Attride-Stirling J, Oyinloye AO, Simmons C, et al. Mental health systems in six Caribbean small island developing states: a comparative situational analysis. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2022;16:1–16.

Article  Google Scholar 

• Moitra M, Santomauro D, Collins PY, Vos T, Whiteford H, Saxena S, et al. The global gap in treatment coverage for major depressive disorder in 84 countries from 2000–2019: a systematic review and Bayesian meta-regression analysis. PLoS Med. 2022;19:e1003901. This systematic review provides an updated analysis of global data on gaps in treatment coverage for major depressive disorder.

Charlson F, van Ommeren M, Flaxman A, Cornett J, Whiteford H, Saxena S. New WHO prevalence estimates of mental disorders in conflict settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. 2019;394:240–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

• Lund C, Brooke-Sumner C, Baingana F, Baron EC, Breuer E, Chandra P, et al. Social determinants of mental disorders and the Sustainable Development Goals: a systematic review of reviews. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;5:357–69. This paper provides a framework of social and economic determinants that influence the mental health of populations.

Williams DR. Stress and the mental health of populations of color: advancing our understanding of race-related stressors. J Health Soc Behav. 2018;59:466–85.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nguyen AW, Qin W, Wei W, Keith VM, Mitchell UA. Racial discrimination and 12-month and lifetime anxiety disorders among African American men and women: findings from the National Survey of American Life. J Affect Disord. 2023;330:180–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brownlow BN, Sosoo EE, Long RN, Hoggard LS, Burford TI, Hill LK. Sex differences in the impact of racial discrimination on mental health among Black Americans. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2019;21:1–14.

Article  Google Scholar 

• Gupta A, Coffey D. Caste, religion, and mental health in India. Popul Res Policy Rev. 2020;39:1119–41. This paper provides an empirical analysis of the differences in mental health status by caste identity.

• Thornicroft G, Sunkel C, Aliev AA, Baker S, Brohan E, El Chammay R, et al. The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health. The Lancet. 2022;400:1438–80. This paper reviews the evidence on the impact of stigma and discrimination on mental health and includes PWLE.

Lewis KA, Jadwin-Cakmak L, Walimbwa J, Ogunbajo A, Jauregui JC, Onyango DP, et al. “You’ll be chased away”: sources, experiences, and effects of violence and stigma among gay and bisexual men in Kenya. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20:2825.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Harper GW, Crawford J, Lewis K, Mwochi CR, Johnson G, Okoth C, et al. Mental health challenges and needs among sexual and gender minority people in Western Kenya. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:1311.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bond L, Simmons E, Sabbath EL. Measurement and assessment of fidelity and competence in nonspecialist-delivered, evidence-based behavioral and mental health interventions: a systematic review. SSM-Population Health. 2022:101249.

Siddiqui S, Morris A, Ikeda DJ, Balsari S, Blanke L, Pearsall M, et al. Scaling up community-delivered mental health support and care: a landscape analysis. Front Public Health. 2022;10:4409.

Article  Google Scholar 

Roland J, Lawrance E, Insel T, Christensen H. The digital mental health revolution: transforming care through innovation and scale-up 2020.

• Unützer J, Carlo AD, Collins PY. Leveraging collaborative care to improve access to mental health care on a global scale. World Psychiatry. 2020;19:36. This paper describes the collaborative care model as an effective approach to mental health service delivery in the absence of adequate trained staff.

World Health Organization. Integrated health services—what and why. 2008.

Pandya A, Shah K, Chauhan A, Saha S. Innovative mental health initiatives in India: a scope for strengthening primary healthcare services. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020;9:502.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Petersen I, Bhana A, Fairall LR, Selohilwe O, Kathree T, Baron EC, et al. Evaluation of a collaborative care model for integrated primary care of common mental disorders comorbid with chronic conditions in South Africa. BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19:1–11.

Article  Google Scholar 

Rimal P, Choudhury N, Agrawal P, Basnet M, Bohara B, Citrin D, et al. Collaborative care model for depression in rural Nepal: a mixed-methods implementation research study. BMJ Open. 2021;11: e048481.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Mendenhall E, De Silva MJ, Hanlon C, Petersen I, Shidhaye R, Jordans M, et al. Acceptability and feasibility of using non-specialist health workers to deliver mental health care: stakeholder perceptions from the PRIME district sites in Ethiopia, India, Nepal, South Africa, and Uganda. Soc Sci Med. 2014;118:33–42. This qualitative study examines the conditions needed for effective task-shifting in LMICs.

Lund C. Improving quality of mental health care in low-resource settings: lessons from PRIME. World Psychiatry. 2018;17:47.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Esponda GM, Hartman S, Qureshi O, Sadler E, Cohen A, Kakuma R. Barriers and facilitators of mental health programmes in primary care in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7:78–92.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Collins PY, Velloza J, Concepcion T, Oseso L, Chwastiak L, Kemp CG, et al. Intervening for HIV prevention and mental health: a review of global literature. J Int AIDS Soc. 2021;24:e25710. This review summarizes the literature on HIV prevention and integrated mental health care approaches for key populations and other at-risk individuals.

Remien RH, Stirratt MJ, Nguyen N, Robbins RN, Pala AN, Mellins CA. Mental health and HIV/AIDS: the need for an integrated response. AIDS. 2019;33:1411.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nakimuli-Mpungu E, Musisi S, Wamala K, Okello J, Ndyanabangi S, Birungi J, et al. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of group support psychotherapy delivered by trained lay health workers for depression treatment among people with HIV in Uganda: a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8:e387–98.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simms V, Weiss HA, Chinoda S, Mutsinze A, Bernays S, Verhey R, et al. Peer-led counselling with problem discussion therapy for adolescents living with HIV in Zimbabwe: a cluster-randomised trial. PLoS Med. 2022;19: e1003887.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Safren SA, O’Cleirigh C, Andersen LS, Magidson JF, Lee JS, Bainter SA, et al. Treating depression and improving adherence in HIV care with task-shared cognitive behavioural therapy in Khayelitsha, South Africa: a randomized controlled trial. J Int AIDS Soc. 2021;24: e25823.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Organization WH. Task shifting: rational redistribution of tasks among health workforce teams: global recommendations and guidelines 2007.

Hailemariam M, Fekadu A, Medhin G, Prince M, Hanlon C. Equitable access to mental healthcare integrated in primary care for people with severe mental disorders in rural Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2019;13:1–10.

Article  Google Scholar 

Selohilwe O, Fairall L, Bhana A, Kathree T, Zani B, Folb N, et al. Challenges and opportunities for implementation and dissemination of a task-sharing counselling intervention for depression at primary health care level in South Africa. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2023;17:1–13.

Article  Google Scholar 

Davies T, Lund C, Schneider M. Implementation of a task-shared psychosocial intervention for perinatal depression in South Africa: a grounded theory process evaluation. SSM-Mental Health. 2022;2: 100056.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shahmalak U, Blakemore A, Waheed MW, Waheed W. The experiences of lay health workers trained in task-shifting psychological interventions: a qualitative systematic review. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2019;13:1–15.

Article  Google Scholar 

Purgato M, Uphoff E, Singh R, Pachya AT, Abdulmalik J, van Ginneken N. Promotion, prevention and treatment interventions for mental health in low-and middle-income countries through a task-shifting approach. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2020;29: e150.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Efendi F, Aurizki GE, Yusuf A, McKenna L. “Not shifting, but sharing”: stakeholders’ perspectives on mental health task-shifting in Indonesia. BMC Nurs. 2022;21:165.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aurizki GE, Wilson I. Nurse-led task-shifting strategies to substitute for mental health specialists in primary care: a systematic review. Int J Nurs Pract. 2022;28: e13046.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Organization WH. Task shifting: global recommendations and guidelines: World Health Organization. 2008.

Philip S, Chander KR, Varshney P, Patley R, Pandey P, Suhas S, et al. The legality and ethical issues of certifying laypersons as mental health counselors in India. Indian J Psychol Med. 2022;44:537–43.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. World Mental Health Atlas. 2020. 2021.

Kemp CG, Concepcion T, Ahmed HU, Anwar N, Baingana F, Bennett IM, et al. Baseline situational analysis in Bangladesh, Jordan, Paraguay, the Philippines, Ukraine, and Zimbabwe for the WHO Special Initiative for Mental Health: Universal Health Coverage for Mental Health. PLoS ONE. 2022;17: e0265570.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alem A, Kebede D, Fekadu A, Shibre T, Fekadu D, Beyero T, et al. Clinical course and outcome of schizophrenia in a predominantly treatment-