Toxoplasma gondii releases extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the host.

Infected host cells, mainly dentritic cells (DCs), release EVs containing T. gondii components.

EVs from T. gondii or DCs can modulate the immune response.

EVs from T. gondii or DCs can influence the virulence of T. gondii.

Novel diagnostic, treatment and vaccine strategies are based on T. gondii-related EVs.

Molecular communication between a pathogen and its host is crucial for a successful interplay. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) act as mediators for the delivery of molecular signals among pathogens or between pathogens and the host. Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), an intracellular parasite with a worldwide presence, produces EVs itself, or induces the secretion of EVs from infected host cells potentially having capacities to modulate the host immune response. T. gondii infection is particularly important during pregnancy. Depending on the gestational age at the time of infection, the parasite can be transmitted through the placenta to the fetus, causing clinical complications such as jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, chorioretinitis, cranioencephalic abnormalities, or even death. T. gondii infection is related to a pro-inflammatory immune response in both mother and fetus, which may enhance parasite transmission, but the implication of EV signaling in this process remains unclear. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on EV release from T. gondii and its human host cells in regard to the immunological consequences and the passage through the placenta.

Toxoplasma

Extracellular vesicles

Placenta

Pregnancy

Immune cells

© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.