Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. FastStats: Allergies. 2021 April 21, 2023]; Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/allergies.htm.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Asthma, National Health Interview (NHIS) Data. 2020 April 21, 2023]; Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/asthma/nhis/2020/table2-1.htm.

Gupta RS, et al. The prevalence, severity, and distribution of childhood food allergy in the United States. Pediatrics. 2011;128(1):e9-17.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jackson KD, Howie LD, Akinbami LJ. Trends in allergic conditions among children: United States, 1997–2011. NCHS Data Brief. 2013;121:1–8.

Google Scholar 

Attwood SE, et al. Esophageal eosinophilia with dysphagia. A distinct clinicopathologic syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. 1993;38(1):109–16.

Straumann A, et al. Idiopathic eosinophilic esophagitis: a frequently overlooked disease with typical clinical aspects and discrete endoscopic findings. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1994;124(33):1419–29.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dellon ES, Hirano I. Epidemiology and Natural History of Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2018;154(2):319–332 e3.

Attwood SE, Furuta GT. Eosinophilic esophagitis: historical perspective on an evolving disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2014;43(2):185–99.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Spechler SJ, Konda V, Souza R. Can eosinophilic esophagitis cause achalasia and other esophageal motility disorders? Am J Gastroenterol. 2018;113(11):1594–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Strachan DP. Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ. 1989;299(6710):1259–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rook GA, et al. Mycobacteria and other environmental organisms as immunomodulators for immunoregulatory disorders. Springer Semin Immunopathol. 2004;25(3–4):237–55.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cho I, Blaser MJ. The human microbiome: at the interface of health and disease. Nat Rev Genet. 2012;13(4):260–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pascal M, et al. Microbiome and allergic diseases Front Immunol. 2018;9:1584.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Myles IA. Allergy as a disease of dysbiosis: is it time to shift the treatment paradigm? Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2019;9:50.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hellings PW, Steelant B. Epithelial barriers in allergy and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;145(6):1499–509.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Akdis CA. Does the epithelial barrier hypothesis explain the increase in allergy, autoimmunity and other chronic conditions? Nat Rev Immunol. 2021;21(11):739–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Singer MM, Tjeerdema RS. Fate and effects of the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 1993;133:95–149.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pothoven KL, Schleimer RP. The barrier hypothesis and Oncostatin M: restoration of epithelial barrier function as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of type 2 inflammatory disease. Tissue Barriers. 2017;5(3): e1341367.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Levinson, M.I., Surfactant production : present realities and future perspectives, in Handbook of detergents: part F: production (1st ed.), U. Zoller and P. Sosis, Editors. 2008, CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420014655.

National Archives, Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Chapter I, Subchapter B, Part 172, Subpart I, § 172.822, Sodium lauryl sulfate April 21, 2023]; Available from: https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-172/subpart-I/section-172.822.

HERA Substance Team. Human & Environmental Risk Assessment (HERA) on ingredients of European household cleaning products: Alcohol Sulphates Human Health Risk Assessment. 2002 March 17, 2022]; p. 122]. Available from: https://www.heraproject.com/files/3-HH-04-%20HERA%20AS%20HH%20web%20wd.pdf.

SkinSAFE. April 24, 2023]; Available from: https://www.skinsafeproducts.com/.

Narkar Y, et al. Evaluation of mucosal damage and recovery in the gastrointestinal tract of rats by a penetration enhancer. Pharm Res. 2008;25(1):25–38.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Freitas Araujo Reis MY, et al. A general approach on surfactants use and properties in drug delivery systems. Curr Pharm Des. 2021;27(42):4300–4314.

Keller S, et al. Thermodynamics of lipid membrane solubilization by sodium dodecyl sulfate. Biophys J. 2006;90(12):4509–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

le Maire M, Champeil P, Moller JV. Interaction of membrane proteins and lipids with solubilizing detergents. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1508(1–2):86–111.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Juan-Colas J, et al. The mechanism of vesicle solubilization by the detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate. Langmuir. 2020;36(39):11499–507.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Winogradoff D, John S, Aksimentiev A. Protein unfolding by SDS: the microscopic mechanisms and the properties of the SDS-protein assembly. Nanoscale. 2020;12(9):5422–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Otzen DE, et al. How do surfactants unfold and refold proteins? Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2022;308: 102754.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nilzen A, Wikstrom K. The influence of lauryl sulphate on the sensitization of guineapigs to chrome and nickle. Acta Derm Venereol. 1955;35(4–5):292–9.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kligman AM. The identification of contact allergens by human assay. II. Factors influencing the induction and measurement of allergic contact dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 1966;47(5):375–92.

De Rentiis AMA, et al. Assessment of the different skin sensitization potentials of irritants and allergens as single substances and in combination using the KeratinoSens assay. Contact Dermatitis. 2021;84(5):317–25.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Jong WH, et al. Determination of the sensitising activity of the rubber contact sensitisers TMTD, ZDMC, MBT and DEA in a modified local lymph node assay and the effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate pretreatment on local lymph node responses. Toxicology. 2002;176(1–2):123–34.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cumberbatch M, et al. Influence of sodium lauryl sulphate on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced lymph node activation. Toxicology. 1993;77(1–2):181–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Clausen SK, et al. Study of adjuvant effect of model surfactants from the groups of alkyl sulfates, alkylbenzene sulfonates, alcohol ethoxylates and soaps. Food Chem Toxicol. 2000;38(11):1065–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prottey C, Ferguson TF. The effect of surfactants upon rat peritoneal mast cells in vitro. Food Cosmet Toxicol. 1976;14(5):425–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alexander BR. An assessment of the comparative sensitization potential of some common isothiazolinones. Contact Dermatitis. 2002;46(4):191–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Castanedo-Tardana MP, Zug KA. Methylisothiazolinone. Dermatitis. 2013;24(1):2–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bonnekoh H, et al. Topical inflammasome inhibition with disulfiram prevents irritant contact dermatitis. Clin Transl Allergy. 2021;11(5): e12045.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee SW, et al. Effects of anionic surfactants on the water permeability of a model stratum corneum lipid membrane. Langmuir. 2014;30(1):220–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ananthapadmanabhan KP, et al. Cleansing without compromise: the impact of cleansers on the skin barrier and the technology of mild cleansing. Dermatol Ther. 2004;17(Suppl 1):16–25.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chiang A, Tudela E, Maibach HI. Percutaneous absorption in diseased skin: an overview. J Appl Toxicol. 2012;32(8):537–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mao G, et al. Imaging the distribution of sodium dodecyl sulfate in skin by confocal Raman and infrared microspectroscopy. Pharm Res. 2012;29(8):2189–201.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fullerton A, Broby-Johansen U, Agner T. Sodium lauryl sulphate penetration in an in vitro model using human skin. Contact Dermatitis. 1994;30(4):222–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morris SAV, et al. The effect of prolonged exposure on sodium dodecyl sulfate penetration into human skin. Toxicol In Vitro. 2021;77: 105246.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Watanabe H, et al. Activation of the IL-1beta-processing inflammasome is involved in contact hypersensitivity. J Invest Dermatol. 2007;127(8):1956–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mizutani T, et al. Sodium lauryl sulfate stimulates the generation of reactive oxygen species through interactions with cell membranes. J Oleo Sci. 2016;65(12):993–1001.

Article  CAS  PubMed