From the *Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China

the †Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

the ‡Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Critical Care Medicine Center, Women and Children’s Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China

the §Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China

the ∥Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

the ¶Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

the #Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China

the **Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China

the ††Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Zibo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Zibo, Shandong, China

the ‡‡Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China

the §§Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, Shandong, China

the ∥∥Department of Pediatrics, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, China

the ¶¶Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.

Received June 19, 2022; accepted March 7, 2023.

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

Sources of Funding: This work was supported by the Jinan Science and Technology Bureau [project number 202019177].

Q.G. and J.C. are co-first authors and contributed equally to the article.

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text, and links to the digital files are provided in the HTML text of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.jpgn.org).

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Youpeng Jin, MD, Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China (e-mail: [email protected]).